c54:

Treat, D. J.,
concurring. While I fully concur that the motion to remand must be sustained, it may be well to add a few suggestions in support thereof. Under the act of 1866 it had been held, with sharp dissents, that a cause pending in a state court could be split into parts, some of which parts could be heard by removal in the United States courts and the others proceeded with in the state courts. Hence this unseemly condition of a cause would prevail in many instances, viz.: That the federal court would try the cause as to one defendant and the state court try the same cause at the same time against the other defendants, to the great accumulation of costs and expenses, and the possible determination of the rights of the parties differently, so that one party would have his cause adjudicated in one way in the federal forum, and the other in a different way in the state forum.
Under such splitting process each court had full jurisdiction of the parties before it, and could proceed to iinal judgment. Thus it might he that two parties jointly sued and jointly liable would he left, through separate and iinal judgments, in entirely distinct positions, although their obligations or differences were the same. If judgment in the state court was for the remaining defendant there, why should he not have the benefit of the judgment in his favor irrespective of what had been determined against the other defendant in the federal forum, and vice versa ? The anomalies of such proceedings, which many courts held to he allowable, led to the change of the rule as indicated in the act of 1875. My views of the true construction of the act of 1866 were sharply expressed in a dissenting opinion of years ago; but the right to a split in cases under the act of Í866 having afterwards been upheld judicially, it became necessary to correct the mischief by statute.
The'act of 1875 must be interpreted with reference to all its provisions and to the mischief to be corrected. By its terms the original jurisdiction of federal courts was enlarged far beyond what had previously existed; designed apparently to cover the full sweep of the federal constitution. The first section of that act, which pertains to jurisdiction on the ground of the citizenship of the parties merely, states what, in the light of federal decisions, had a final and definite meaning, viz., that all necessary parties, plaintiff or defendant, should be citizens of different states.
The long line of federal decisions on that subject need not be cited or reviewed, for they are familiar to all. The question of original jurisdiction having been thus established by the first section, the second proceeded to state- what cases pending in the state court could be removed.
As the jurisdiction of the federal courts could not, even by an act of congress, be made to transcend constitutional limits, the act in question prescribed what should, within constitutional limitations, confer original jurisdiction, and what federal courts might obtain through removals. It is obvious that what congress could not confer as original jurisdiction it could not confer through removals. If all the parties must be citizens of different states except when merely formal, why let some of the parties respectively remove the cause as to them, when it could not be wholly determined without the presence of others ? The language of the second section is that where a case is pending in a state court in which there is “a controversy between citizens of different states,” etc., “either party may remove,” etc. What is meant by a “party?” Any one of many plaintiffs or defendants, having his co-plaintiffs or co-defendants in the state court still to pursue or be pursued there, as the case might require, irrespective of the legal fact that the case could not be decided in either court without all of the plaintiffs or defendants? That no such absurdity was contemplated is clear from the language which follows ill the same section, viz.: “And when, in any suit mentioned in this section, there shall be a controversy which is wholly between citizens of different states, and which may be fully determined as between them, then either one or more of the plaintiffs or defendants, actually interested in such controversy, may remove,” etc.
The question presented under the language last quoted called for a judicial interpretation of the words "wholly between citizens of different states.” Suppose some of the plaintiffs are citizens of the same state as the defendant and the other plaintiffs are not, or that some of the plaintiffs are non-resident and others resident, and some of the defendants are resident and others non-resident, can any one of said plaintiffs or defendants remove the case ? Is not the old rule recognized, viz., that where all the plaintiffs and all the defendants are citizens of different states, then the case is one of which a federal court would have jurisdiction if originally brought therein, and, recognizing that rule when a like case is instituted in a state court, either one of the plaintiffs or defendants in such a case may remove the entire suit? If that be not the true construction of the act of 1875, the former anomalies, and even worse, would prevail.
The term “wholly” should apply to the relationship of the parties plaintiff and defendant. A citizen of this state suing, in conjunction with other and necessary plaintiffs, who are citizens of another state, citizens of this state should not at the mere instance of a co-plaintiff, nor should such citizen defendants, be forced in a foreign jurisdiction. Certainly the citizens of a state are to be considered in such matters as well as non-residents. The case now here is one 'for libel; once tried in the state court and removed subsequently. Whether the facts would enable the case to bo removed, on the ground of time, is not now considered; for no point is made therein. One of the two alleged wrong-doers asks the case to be moved as to him, leaving his co-defendant, who is a citizen of the same state, as plaintiff, to pursue the controversy between them in the state court, while the plaintiff is brought here to pursue the other wrong-door in this forum. Thus the one case, split into two parts, is to proceed at the same time in two different forums. The plaintiff is entitled, if he prevails, to a judgment against both defendants, although he can have only one satisfaction. If the removal is permissible by one, can his case be “wholly” determined with that one only present, or can it be said that the controversy is “wholly between citizens of different states.”
But the points involved have been fully discussed and settled by the United States supreme court in the cases of Barney v. Latham, 103 U. S. 205, and Blake v. McKim, Id. 336; and hence these comments might have been spared, as they seek only to enforce the reasons and the rules therein expressed.
The motion to remand is sustained.

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