govinfo:USCOURTS-cand-3_07-cv-03685-75

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 
OAKLAND DIVISION 
IVANA KIROLA, et al., 
  Plaintiffs, 
 vs. 
THE CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN 
FRANCISCO, et al., 
  Defendants. 
Case No:  C 07-3685 SBA 
CLASS ACTION 
FINDINGS OF FACT AND 
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Ivana Kirola (“Kirola” or “Plaintiff”), a mobility-impaired individual, 
brings the instant disability access class action on behalf of herself and similarly-situated 
individuals against Defendants City and County of San Francisco, the Mayor of San 
Francisco, and members of the Board of Supervisors (collectively “the City”).  She alleges 
that the City discriminates against mobility-impaired persons by failing to eliminate all 
access barriers from or otherwise ensure accessibility to the City’s libraries, swimming 
pools, parks, and public rights-of-way (i.e., the City’s network of sidewalks, curb ramps, 
crosswalks, and other outdoor pedestrian walkways).  She also complains that the City’s 
policies and practices for ensuring access, removing access barriers, and handling public 
access complaints are deficient. 
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The operative pleading is the First Amended Complaint (“FAC”), which alleges six 
claims for relief based on:  (1) Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 
(“Title II of the ADA” or “Title II”), 42 U.S.C. § 12131-12165; (2) the Rehabilitation Act 
of 1973 (“Rehabilitation Act”), 29 U.S.C. § 794; (3) the Civil Rights Act of 1871, Rev. 
Stat. 1979, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 1983; (4) the California Unruh Civil Rights Act 
(“Unruh Act”), Cal. Civ. Code §§ 51; (5) the California Disabled Persons Act (“CDPA”), 
id. § 54.1; and (6) California Government Code §§ 11135.  Dkt. 294.  Plaintiff seeks 
declaratory and injunctive relief only.  The Court has subject matter jurisdiction over 
Plaintiff’s federal claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1343(a)(3)-(4), and supplemental 
jurisdiction over her state law claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367.  Venue is proper in the 
Northern District of California, as all Defendants reside and the acts or omissions 
complained of occurred in this District.  28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1), (2). 
The Court previously granted class certification and appointed Kirola as the sole 
class representative.  Dkt. 285.  Thereafter, the parties presented their respective cases to 
the Court during a court trial.  Subsequent to trial, the parties submitted post-trial briefing 
and proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law.  Dkt. 614, 616, 617, 618, 632, 634, 
635, 636, 646, 662, 681, 683.  Separately, the City filed a Post-Trial Motion for Judgment, 
focusing primarily on whether Kirola has constitutional standing under Article III to pursue 
any claims on behalf of herself or the class.  Dkt. 666, 672, 675.  Alternatively, the City 
contends that even if Kirola has standing, she has failed to demonstrate the substantive 
merit of any of her claims. 
As will be set forth below in the findings of fact and conclusions of law, the Court is 
persuaded by the City’s arguments, and, based on the evidence and testimony presented at 
trial, finds that Kirola lacks constitutional standing to pursue any claims on behalf of the 
class.  Alternatively, even if Kirola had standing, she has failed to carry her burden of 
demonstrating, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the City has violated the ADA or 
any of the other federal and state laws and regulations alleged in the FAC.
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II. BACKGROUND
A. T ITLE II OF THE ADA
“Congress enacted the ADA in 1990 to remedy widespread discrimination against 
disabled individuals.”  PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 674 (2001).  The ADA is 
comprised of five titles:  Employment (Title I); Public Services (Title II); Public 
Accommodations and Services Operated by Private Entities (Title III); 
Telecommunications (Title IV); and Miscellaneous Provisions (Title V).  Zimmerman v. 
Or. Dep’t of Justice, 170 F.3d 1169, 1172 (9th Cir. 1999).  The purpose of the ADA’s 
various provisions is “to provide clear, strong, consistent, enforceable standards addressing 
discrimination against individuals with disabilities.”  42 U.S.C. § 12101(b)(2).
This action is premised on Title II of the ADA, which became effective on January 
26, 1992, and applies to public entities.  Norman-Bloodsaw v. Lawrence Berkeley Lab., 
135 F.3d 1260, 1273 (9th Cir. 1998) (citing §§ 108, 205, Pub.L. No. 101-336).  To 
demonstrate a prima facie case under Section 202 of Title II of the ADA, a plaintiff must 
show that:
(1) she is an individual with a disability; (2) she is otherwise 
qualified to participate in or receive the benefit of a public 
entity’s services, programs or activities; (3) she was either 
excluded from participation in or denied the benefits of the 
public entity’s services, programs or activities or was otherwise 
discriminated against by the public entity; and (4) such 
exclusion, denial of benefits or discrimination was by reason of 
her disability. 
Sheehan v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 743 F.3d 1211, 1232 (9th Cir. 2014) (discussing 
requirements of a claim brought under 42 U.S.C. § 12132).  “This prohibition against 
discrimination is universally understood as a requirement to provide ‘meaningful access.’”  
Lonberg v. City of Riverside, 571 F.3d 846, 851 (9th Cir. 2009).  “An individual is 
excluded from participation in or denied the benefits of a public program if ‘a public 
entity’s facilities are inaccessible to or unusable by individuals with disabilities.’”  Daubert 
v. Lindsay Unified School Dist., 760 F.3d 982, 987 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting 28 C.F.R. 
§ 35.149). 
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ADA regulations recognize that “in the case of older facilities, for which structural 
change is likely to be more difficult, a public entity may comply with Title II by adopting a 
variety of less costly measures, including relocating services to alternative, accessible sites 
and assigning aides to assist persons with disabilities in accessing services.”  Tennessee v. 
Lane, 541 U.S. 509, 532 (2004).  Accordingly, the regulations promulgated by the United 
States Attorney General to implement the requirements of Title II differentiate between 
structures built before the effective date of the ADA and those built or altered after.
Existing facilities constructed prior to January 26, 1992, are subject to 28 C.F.R. 
§ 35.150, which requires only “program access.”  760 F.3d at 988.  Program access does 
not require that each and every facility is equally accessible to disabled persons.  Cohen v. 
City of Culver, 754 F.3d 690, 694-95 & n.4 (9th Cir. 2014).  Rather, it simply requires a 
public entity to “operate each service, program, and activity so that the service, program, or 
activity, when viewed in its entirety, is readily accessible to and usable by individuals with 
disabilities.”  28 C.F.R. § 35.150(a) (emphasis added).1  “Title II’s emphasis on ‘program 
accessibility’ rather than ‘facilities accessibility’ was intended to ensure broad access to 
public services, while, at the same time, providing public entities with the flexibility to 
choose how best to make access available.” Daubert, 760 F.3d at 986 (internal quotations 
and citation omitted).  Public entities are directed to develop a “transition plan” to “achieve 
program accessibility” by “setting forth the steps necessary to complete such changes.”
28 C.F.R. § 35.150(d)(1); Cohen, 754 F.3d at 696.   
“New construction and alterations” commenced after January 26, 1992, are subject 
to more exacting requirements.  Specifically, under 28 C.F.R. § 35.151, “[e]ach facility or 
part of a facility constructed by, on behalf of, or for the use of a public entity shall be 
designed and constructed in such manner that the facility or part of the facility is readily
1 By way of comparison, Title III, which applies to private entities operating a 
“place of public accommodation,” imposes more stringent requirements aimed at ensuring 
that every facility is equally accessible to disabled persons.  See Disabled Rights Action 
Comm. v. Las Vegas Events, Inc., 375 F.3d 861, 882 (9th Cir. 2004); 1 Americans with 
Disab.:  Pract. & Compliance Manual § 2:44.  This means, for example, that each and every 
store operated by a retailer must be ADA compliant. 
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accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, . . .”   28 C.F.R. § 35.151(a)(1) 
(emphasis added).  To be “readily accessible,” the facility “must be constructed in 
conformance with the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for 
Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG), 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. A, or with the Uniform Federal 
Accessibility Standards (UFAS), 41 C.F.R. Pt. 101-19.6, App. A.”  Daubert, 760 F.3d at 
986 (emphasis added, citation omitted).  “The ADAAG is a comprehensive set of structural 
guidelines that articulates detailed design requirements to accommodate persons with 
disabilities.”  Id.  “[O]nly facilities that were constructed or altered after January 26, 1992, 
are subject to the ADAAG’s requirements.”  Id. at 987. 
B. C ASE OVERVIEW
The original complaint named three plaintiffs:  Kirola; Elizabeth Elftman 
(“Elftman”); and Michael Kwok (“Kwok”) (collectively, “Plaintiffs”).  Dkt. 1.  Three years 
later on February 9, 2010, Plaintiffs moved for leave to file an amended complaint, 
requesting, inter alia, to dismiss Kwok as a named plaintiff and to substitute Linda Pillay 
(“Pillay”) in his stead.  Dkt. 121, 3:6-8.  Plaintiffs also sought to refine their class 
allegations and claims.  Id., 3:9-16.  
On March 2, 2010—before the Court ruled on their motion for leave to amend—
Plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) 
and (b)(2), which sought to appoint both Kirola and Pillay as class representatives, even 
though Pillay was not a party to the action.  Dkt. 187.  Plaintiffs did not seek to have 
Elftman appointed as a class representative.  Id.; Dkt. 1; Dkt. 121, Exh. A. 
On April 12, 2010, the Court granted in part and denied in part the motion for leave 
to amend.  Dkt. 238.  The Court allowed Plaintiffs to narrow the class definition alleged in 
the initial complaint, dismiss Kwok as a named plaintiff, and clarify their allegations 
concerning the City’s alleged failure to comply with California Government Code § 11135.  
The Court, however, denied their request to join Pillay, finding that Plaintiffs had failed to 
establish good cause to add her as a party-plaintiff.  Id.  Consistent with the Court’s ruling, 
Plaintiffs filed their FAC on June 24, 2010.  Dkt. 238, 294. 
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During the interim, on June 7, 2010, the Court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for class 
certification, and certified the following class pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 
23(a) and (b)(2):
All persons with mobility disabilities who are allegedly being 
denied access under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities 
Act of 1990, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 
California Government Code Section 11135, et seq., California 
Civil Code § 51 et seq., and California Civil Code § 54 et seq. 
due to disability access barriers to the following programs, 
services, activities and facilities owned, operated and/or 
maintained by the City and County of San Francisco: parks, 
libraries, swimming pools, and curb ramps, sidewalks, cross-
walks, and any other outdoor designated pedestrian walkways
in the City and County of San Francisco.
Dkt. 285, 7:19-25 (emphasis added).  Having previously denied Plaintiffs’ request to join 
Pillay as an additional party-plaintiff, the Court granted their remaining request to appoint 
Kirola as the class representative.  Id., 7:26. 
In the course of its briefing on the class certification motion, the City argued, among 
other things, that Kirola lacked standing to seek injunctive relief with respect to the alleged 
disability access claims at issue and therefore was not an adequate class representative.
Dkt. 245, 20:7:14-21:2.  At the motion hearing on May 18, 2010, the City withdrew its 
challenge to Kirola’s adequacy as a class representative.  Dkt. 285, 3:18-20.  As such, in its 
June 7, 2010 Order Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for Class Certification, the Court did not 
address Kirola’s standing, and, importantly, made “no finding as to the type or scope of 
relief [Kirola could] seek or obtain on behalf of the class[.]”  Id., 4:21-22.  Rather, the 
Court ruled that “[s]uch determinations [would] be made following trial based upon the 
evidence presented and the relief requested.”  Id., 4:23-24.
The parties presented their respective cases over the course of a five-week court 
trial.  Cumulatively, thirty-six lay and expert witnesses, along with numerous exhibits in 
support of the parties’ respective positions, were presented.  Kirola testified, and presented 
the testimony of six class members and mothers of class members; several City employees 
as adverse witnesses; four accessibility experts; and two experts in other areas.  The City 
presented testimony from members of the Mayor’s Office on Disability (“MOD”), 
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employees from various City departments, including the Department of Public Works 
(“DPW”) and Recreation and Parks Department (“RecPark”); two accessibility experts; and 
several other individual witnesses.    
Subsequent to trial, the Court directed the parties to meet and confer regarding the 
course of further proceedings, and to thereafter submit a Joint Statement Re Further 
Proceedings (“Joint Statement”).  Dkt. 659, 1:22-26, 2:5-8.  In the Joint Statement, Plaintiff 
alleges that she “had encountered, and was continuing to encounter on a daily, regular or 
ongoing basis, numerous disability access barriers that significantly limited, interfered with, 
and obstructed her access to the City’s pedestrian rights of way, parks, pools and libraries 
in violation of the meaningful access standard.” Dkt. 662, 10:9-13.  She also claims to have 
“a real and immediate threat of repeated injury” stemming from eleven policies and 
procedures, identified as follows: 
(1) the City’s [2007-2008 Fiscal Year (“FY”) Americans with 
Disabilities Act Transition Plan for Curb Ramps and Sidewalks 
(“Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan”) which does not 
comply with the three-year implementation period and January 
26, 1995 deadline established by Title II of the ADA (28 C.F.R. 
§ 35.150(c)) for the completion of any barrier removal 
necessary for program access;
(2) the Sidewalk Inspection Repair Program, which only 
inspects and repairs access barriers on a 25 year cycle, and 
which also fails to comply with the January 26, 1995 deadline 
for program access;
(3) the City’s curb ramp design standard utilized between 1994 
and 2004 pursuant to which it constructed curb ramps with a ½ 
inch lip at the base in violation of federal disability access 
design standards;
(4) the City’s Guidelines for Paving and Accessibility 
Compliance which permits the City to install curb ramps up to 
two years after re-paving;
(5) the City’s policy as stated on its website that an “accessible” 
park need provide only an “accessible entrance” and “at last one 
recreational opportunity,” and which does not require the 
provision of accessible routes to the range of recreational 
opportunities provided within each park;
(6) the City’s UPhAS [Uniform Physical Access Strategy], 
which adopts a policy of leaving disability access barriers that 
limit program access in place until major modernizations are 
performed in violation of the legal duty to remove such barriers 
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by no later than January 26, 1995, which contains no objective 
definition of “accessible,” and permits City officials to rely 
upon their “common sense” in determining what is 
“accessible,” and which sets no deadline for when the City’s 
parks and or libraries will be readily accessible to persons with 
mobility disabilities;
(7) the City’s written complaint policies and forms that make no 
requirement that disability access barriers be removed within 
any particular time period, but instead permit the City to take up 
to two years to remove barriers;  
(8) the City’s policies and procedures regarding new 
construction and alterations, which do not require a close-out 
inspection for compliance with federal disability access design 
standards or specific sign-off from the relevant City official that 
a project is in full compliance with those standards as built;
(9) the City’s maintenance policies and procedures which do 
not set specific and prompt deadlines for the identification and 
repair of items that are broken, non-operational or in need of 
repair; . . . 
[10] the City’s failure to adopt and implement a self-evaluation 
and transition plan pursuant to California Government Code 
§ 11135 . . . and
[11] the City’s ongoing failure to adopt any written policy or 
procedure regarding the identification and removal of safety 
hazards to persons with mobility disabilities.
Dkt. 662, 13:15-11.
2
III. FINDINGS OF FACT 
The Court now makes the following findings of fact pursuant to Federal Rule of 
Civil Procedure 52(a)(1).  These findings are based on the evidence and testimony 
presented at trial, the Court’s assessment of the witnesses’ credibility, and the legal 
arguments presented by counsel.  To the extent that any of the findings of fact are more 
appropriately construed as conclusions of law, or vice-versa, they shall be deemed as such.   
In this section, the Court will assess:  (1) the City’s infrastructure to ensure 
accessibility for disabled persons to its programs, services and activities, as they relate to 
the public right-of-way system and the library, aquatics and RecPark programs; (2) the 
2 Aside from a brief reference to the adequacy of the City’s transition plan, the FAC 
does not specifically reference any of the above policies.  Dkt. 294, ¶ 44. 
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accessibility of the aforementioned programs, services and activities; (3) the City’s 
grievance procedure for making accessibility complaints; and (4) the credibility of Kirola, 
class members, and the parties’ experts as their testimony relates to the claims alleged in 
this action.
3
A. I NFRASTRUCTURE TO ENSURE ACCESSIBILITY
1. Mayor’s Office On Disability 
1. According to the 2000 census, approximately 20% of the City of San 
Francisco’s population (150,000 people) live with disabilities.  The City’s disabled 
population includes individuals with mobility impairments, cognitive and psychiatric 
challenges, sensory impairments and self-care challenges.  Reporter’s Transcript (“RT”) 
1596:6-22, 2489:12-20; DTX H27 [11, 14-15]. 
2. To ensure that disabled persons have meaningful access to its services and 
programs consistent with the ADA and state law, the City has created a sophisticated and 
robust infrastructure, which includes the establishment of various departments, positions, 
policies, and programs, which are overseen by MOD. 
3. The City created MOD to ensure that every program, service, benefit, activity 
and facility operated or funded by the City is fully accessible to, and usable by, people with 
disabilities.  RT 1561:16-18; 1566:8-1567:9; DTX A35.
4. MOD is charged with representing the needs of the disabled community.  RT 
1592:6-22.  MOD staff regularly work with and receive input from a variety of 
organizations devoted to disabled access. RT 1596:24-1597:16. 
5. Susan Mizner (“Mizner”) has been Director of MOD since 2003.  RT 561:14-
21.  Mizner oversees a staff of seven full-time employees, all of whom have disabilities and 
many years of experience advocating for the disabled.   
3 Kirola filed two post-trial requests for judicial notice, see Dkt. 587, 621, which are 
denied on the ground that none of the documents submitted with those requests is germane 
to the Court’s decision.   
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6. Joanna Fraguli (“Fraguli”) is MOD’s Deputy Director for Programmatic 
Access.
7. John Paul Scott (“Scott”) is MOD’s Deputy Director for Physical Access.   
8. Jim Whipple (“Whipple”) and Carla Johnson serve as MOD access 
compliance officers who conduct plan and site reviews, and Ken Stein is MOD’s Program 
Administrator.  RT 1588:13-1592:5. 
9. As part of its efforts to promote access for disabled persons, MOD maintains 
a public website that provides extensive information on various topics, including:  (1) new 
developments; (2) architectural access; (3) the City’s review process for ensuring that 
publicly-funded facilities comply with access laws; (4) the City’s ADA transition plans; 
(5) the rights of persons with disabilities under the ADA; and (6) the City’s grievance 
procedure.  RT 1565:14-19, 1567:16-1588:4, 1571:24-1574:6; DTX A35.
10. MOD has also prepared brochures and other materials to publicize its services 
and to inform the disabled population of their access rights.  RT 1575:20-1576:17; 1578:24-
1579:21; see, e.g., DTX A31; DTX E27 [000017]. 
2. Mayor’s Disability Council 
11. Since 1998, the Mayor’s Disability Council (“MDC”) has advised the Mayor 
on disability issues and worked with MOD on access compliance.
12. MDC consists of between nine to eleven appointed members from the 
disabled community and serves as an advisory body to the Mayor and MOD.
13. The purpose of the council is to ensure ADA compliance and to provide a 
public forum to discuss disability issues.  RT 1593:10-2; DTX A35 [000003].
14. MDC is MOD’s primary liaison to the City’s disabled community and 
provides guidance on a variety of disability issues, including website guidelines, 
transportation, housing, and priorities for ADA transition plan projects.  RT 1593:10-17, 
1595:14-1596:13. 
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3. ADA Coordinators 
15. Mizner serves as the Citywide ADA Coordinator.  
16. Every City department with over fifty employees has a designated ADA 
Coordinator responsible for investigating disability access complaints and serving as a 
resource for the department on disability access issues.  RT 1583:7-1584:9, 1854:24-
1856:21; see also DTX A35 [000110-113].   
17. MOD works closely with the ADA Coordinators for the departments involved 
in this action; namely, DPW and RecPark, and the San Francisco Public Library 
(“Library”).  RT 1857:21-1859:6, 1861:2-1863:6.
18. MOD provides technical assistance and support to all City departments and 
employees regarding accommodations necessary to ensure access to City services, 
programs, and activities.
19. In addition, MOD regularly conducts training for virtually all City 
departments on matters such as disability rights and access requirements.  RT 1852:1-
1854:7, 1584:22-1586:7, 1839:20-1840:19; DTX A31 [000003]; see, e.g., DTX E45.  The 
trainings emphasize, among other things, the importance of maintaining accessible features.
RT 1863:9-1865:3; DTX E45 [000022-023].  RT 1849:4-1850:23.  MOD also provides 
specific training for ADA Coordinators. RT 1854:16-1856:3; DTX E27; DTX E47. 
4. Grievance Procedure 
20. MOD oversees a citywide grievance procedure for handling public 
complaints regarding disabled access to its facilities, programs and services.  Instructions 
regarding this procedure are contained on a website operated by MOD which explains how 
to submit a complaint, inter alia, by using the “ADA Complaint and Assistance Form.”  RT 
1579:23-1580:12-1581:22; DTX A35 [000105-109].  MOD chose this title, believing that it 
would encourage people to submit requests, including persons who did not characterize 
their requests as “complaints.” RT 1581:11-22. 
21. Upon receipt, MOD transmits a copy of the complaint to the appropriate 
ADA Coordinator.  The assigned ADA Coordinator, in turn, conducts an investigation, and, 
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in the course of investigating and responding to the complaint, may seek assistance from 
MOD or the City Attorney.  DTX A35 [000105]; RT 1866:19-25.   
22. Within thirty days of receiving a complaint, a written response, approved by 
MOD and signed by both the ADA Coordinator and the department head, is sent to the 
complainant.  DTX A35 [000105].  The City responds to complaints received “fairly 
consistently” within thirty days and handles a significant number of complaints through its 
grievance procedure.  RT 1711:18-20-1712:8.  However, depending on the complexity of 
the issue, some complaints take longer to resolve.  RT 2001:2-7.  MOD monitors the 
grievances received to identify trends and develop programs to improve access.  RT 
1869:6-21.   
23. During the three year period prior to trial, 40 percent of the grievances 
received by MOD were related to housing issues, 25 to 30 percent were related to public 
transportation and paratransit, and 20 percent were related to physical access (the majority 
of which were curb ramp requests).  RT 1868:9-1869:5.
24. Fraguli oversees the City’s grievance procedure.  RT 1866:11-14.  Between 
the time she joined MOD in 2006 and trial, Fraguli received only one complaint related to a 
library (pertaining to assistive technology) and a “few” complaints related to physical 
access in RecPark facilities, which were resolved “fairly quickly.”  RT 1869:22-1870:13.
She has never received a complaint from Kirola or any testifying class member.  RT 
1870:14-1871:9. 
25. Aside from Fraguli, ADA Coordinators at the City’s various departments also 
receive and address access complaints and/or requests regarding their respective 
departments.  See, e.g., RT 2253:22-2254:24 (complaints regarding access to libraries), 
2306:3-2309:14, 2336:16-18 (complaints regarding access to RecPark activities, facilities, 
or programs), 1999:12-2001:1 (complaints regarding access to the City’s public right-of-
way).  MOD receives a monthly report indicating the types of complaints received by the 
various City departments and whether any departments have been dilatory in issuing 
responses.  RT 1869:6-17.  
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26. Curb ramp requests or complaints may be submitted through the complaint 
form on MOD’s website, by telephone, written correspondence, or e-mail, either to MOD 
or DPW, or through the City’s 3-1-1 system (which is used to request City services).  RT 
1619:15-23, 2416:23-2417:2, 2727:13-17.   
27. Curb ramp requests submitted through the City’s grievance procedure trigger 
an investigation by DPW.  If appropriate, DPW coordinates with other City departments or 
offices as needed, assigns an engineer to design the individual curb ramp, and works with 
MOD to prioritize the inquiry list based on the date each request was received and the 
priorities set forth in the City’s Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan, i.e., the ADA 
transition plan specific to its public right-of-way system at issue in this action.  RT 2000:7-
18, 2385:14-2386:22; DTX A15.  
28. The City also proactively solicits curb ramp requests.  For instance, the City 
became concerned that it had received a disproportionally low number of curb ramp 
requests from certain low-income neighborhoods, despite the fact that those neighborhoods 
had fairly high rates of disability.  The City thus instituted a public outreach program to 
solicit curb ramp requests from those neighborhoods.  RT 1634:5-10, 2417:12-2419:1.  The 
City funded a bus advertisement campaign and sent postcards to paratransit riders 
explaining the process for making curb ramp requests.  RT 1634:11-14;  DTX L4.  The City 
also trained its staff to go door-to-door in the poorest neighborhoods to speak with 
community members about their disability access needs.  RT 1634:15-17. 
29. At the time of trial, the City’s curb ramp request log contained outstanding 
curb ramp requests for 124 intersections across the City.  RT 2440:3-4.  Of those 124 
intersections, 44 corresponded to requests from individuals with disabilities and were 
therefore categorized as “higher priority” requests.  RT 2440:4-6.  At the time of trial, the 
City was in either the design or construction phase on fully-funded curb ramp projects at 
132 intersections.  RT 2440:7-10.  
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30. William Hecker (“Hecker”), one of the City’s program access experts, opined 
that the City’s grievance procedure is consistent with the requirements and provisions of 
the ADA and its regulations.  RT 2727:5-19. 
5. Funding for Access Improvements 
31. Funding for access improvements is governed by the City’s Capital Plan.  
The Capital Plan for Fiscal Years 2012 to 2021 allocates a total of $177 million in fully-
funded capital spending over the 10-year period to disability access improvements, which 
includes $24 million for facility improvements and $153 million for public right-of-way 
improvements.  RT 1543:2-6; PTX 4057 [7].  Considering other categories of spending that 
would include disability access improvements (such as street repaving projects, earthquake 
and public safety improvements, facility renewals, and critical deferred maintenance), the 
City’s Capital Planning department estimated the total amount of planned ADA spending 
from 2012 to 2021 to be approximately $670 million.  RT 1544:6-14, 1543:7-1544:4, 
1539:19-1540:19.   
B. P
UBLIC RIGHT-OF-WAY
32. DPW oversees the City’s public right-of-way network, which consists of 
approximately 2,000 miles of sidewalks, 27,585 street corners, and roughly 7,200 
intersections.  RT 2391:23-25, 2447:6-18.   
33. DPW’s Disability Access Coordinator is responsible for monitoring access 
issues related to the public right-of-way; reviewing publicly-funded construction projects 
designed by or contracted through DPW; training staff on access issues; and serving as the 
key DPW contact for individuals who seek information regarding accessibility or who 
submit access complaints or curb ramps requests.  RT 1910:18-1911:16, 2443:25-2444:10.   
34. Separate from DPW, the City’s Municipal Transportation Agency, provides 
paratransit services and public transportation as important components of an accessible 
public right-of-way.  RT 1636:4-12.  The City operates and subsidizes a paratransit system 
that offers van and taxi service for persons with disabilities who are unable to use public 
transportation.  RT 1634:18-1635:1, 1635:21-1636:3. 
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35. The City has enacted procedures and policies setting standards for new 
construction and alterations, as well as ensuring program access with respect to existing 
pathways, both of which are discussed below.
1. New Curb Ramp Construction and Alterations 
36. The City began installing curb ramps in the 1970s, and created formal design 
standards for curb ramp construction in the 1980s, prior to the enactment of the ADA.
RT 1996:6-1997:6; 2467:21-2468:13; DTX H06 [000959].   
37. In 1989, DPW established its Curb Ramp Program and developed priorities 
for the design and installation of curb ramps based on input from the disabled community. 
DTX H06 [000959]. 
38. In 1994, the City revised its curb ramp design standards to provide more 
detailed specifications.  RT 2467:21-2471:20.  In particular, new curb ramp standards were 
developed in order to address conflicting federal and state requirements regarding use of a 
half-inch curb lip at the point where the ramp meets the street.  RT 1994:18-1995:4.  At that 
time, state accessibility standards required a half-inch lip at the base of the curb ramp which 
could be detected by a visually-impaired person using a cane.  Federal law, however, 
specified flush or smooth transitions.  Accordingly, non-federally-funded curb ramps were 
built with a lip, while federally-funded curb ramps were not.  RT 1993:21-1995:22, 
1608:13-1609:4; DTX H05.  In 2004, the City updated its curb ramp design standards, 
which eliminated use of the half-inch lip.
4
39. In 1995, DPW issued Order No. 169,270, which memorialized the City’s plan 
to install curb ramps in compliance with disability access laws, while recognizing that 
funding constraints might delay full implementation of this policy.  DTX G18.  DPW 
prioritizes curb ramp installation as follows:  (1) replace existing curb ramps in poor 
4 The California Building Code previously required a half-inch lip at the base of curb 
ramps “as a detectable way-finding edge for persons with visual impairment.”  See, e.g., 
2001 Cal. Bldg. Code, § 1127B.5.  In 2006, the half-inch lip requirement was removed 
from the California Building Code.  Although some legacy curb ramp lips still exist, the 
City endeavors to remove them where possible, in accordance with its current Curb Ramp 
and Sidewalk Transition Plan.  RT 1978:12-1980:1, 1981:16-1990:19; DTX H04. 
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condition; (2) install curb ramps where none exist; (3) provide for a second curb ramp, 
where feasible, on corners with a single curb ramp; (4) construct or reconstruct curb ramps 
in locations with physical or other constraints; and (5) reconstruct curb ramps that are safe 
but that do not meet the City’s construction standards. RT 1951:8-1952:15; DTX G18. 
40. In or about May 2004, DPW issued Order No. 175,387, which adopted the 
City’s design standards requiring the use of bi-directional curb ramps (i.e., a ramp aligned 
in parallel to the cross-walk) or at least one curb ramp per corner.  RT 1978:12-1980:1, 
1981:16-1990:19; DTX G07, DTX H04 [000002, 000004].  Although bi-directional curb 
ramps are not required by the ADA, the City installs them to enhance access for disabled 
individuals.  Bi-directional curb ramps are preferred by the disabled community, including 
Kirola and testifying class members.  RT 552:12-553:20, 542:8-543:13, 875:14-876:9, 
1005:4-14, 1007:7-16, 1025:9-18, 1384:13-21, 2066:24-2067:22.  
41. City Procedure No. 10.6.2 requires that: (1) curb ramps shall be designed in 
accordance with DPW Order No. 175,387; (2) any deviations must be approved; and 
(3) curb ramp designers must coordinate with other City departments and third parties.  RT 
2381:4-2385:4; DTX A41. 
42. When installing curb ramps, the City evaluates the entire intersection to 
ensure accessibility.  Curb ramps will be constructed to current standards, if necessary, at 
all corners of the intersection.  RT 2376:6-17.  The City’s design standards ensure an 
accessible path of travel in traffic islands, medians, and trackways within the street.  RT 
1992:11-1993:9; DTX H07. 
43. The City has established Quality Assurance (“QA”) Checklists for the design 
and construction of curb ramps and sidewalks to ensure they meet the applicable 
requirements and established quality standards.  RT 2377:24-2380:20; DTX A13 [QA 
Checklist 5.2 [A-13-000050-52]; RT 2376:18-2377:14; DTX H14. 
44. Since 1989, the City has required that when roads are paved and the paving 
extends into an intersection (including the cross-walk), curb ramps are constructed or 
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reconstructed if they do not meet the City’s current curb ramp design standards.  RT 
2471:22-2472:10; 2473:4-12; 2426:2-2427:4.  This practice is memorialized in the DPW’s
Guidelines for Paving and Accessibility Compliance (“Paving Guidelines”).  DTX N23 
[000003]; RT 2426:9-2429:16, 2471:22-2481:8.
45. The Paving Guidelines allow the City to defer curb ramp installation in 
connection with a street paving project for up to twenty-four months when a pre-planned 
project would demolish the newly constructed curb ramp within that time period.  DTX 
N23 [000003].  If the subsequent project is delayed or discontinued, the curb ramps at issue 
are to be installed immediately.  RT 2428:19-2429:16, 2445:11-15; DTX N23 [000003].   
46. The City’s Bureau of Sewer and Street Repair (“Bureau”) typically repaves 
City blocks one block at a time, without affecting the crosswalk.  In these cases, the 
Bureau’s obligation to install curb ramps is not triggered.  RT 2480:4-2481:8.  No evidence 
was presented showing that the City has a policy and/or practice of intentionally avoiding 
crosswalks in order to evade an obligation to construct curb ramps.
2. Transition Plan 
47. The City’s first curb ramp transition plan in Fiscal Year (“FY”) 1992/1993 
estimated 52,000 curb ramps were needed citywide.  RT 1950:3-24; DTX H20 [000959].
The City updated its transition plan in 1998 and again in FY 2007/2008.  RT 1951:8-
1952:15; DTX H20; PTX 22.  The FY 2007/2008 amendments, which are at issue in this 
action, are set forth in the Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan.  PTX 22. 
a) Curb Ramps 
48. One of the goals of the Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan is “curb 
ramp saturation”—that is, to construct a curb ramp compliant with its current design 
standards at the end of every pedestrian crossing or least one curb ramp per corner.  This 
approach often involves installing bi-directional curb ramps at every corner.  RT 2390:10-
18.   
49. The 2008 revisions organized the priorities outlined in DPW Order No. 
169,270 into a “priority matrix.”  DTX A35 [000023].  The priority matrix prioritizes 
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installations/upgrades based on:  (1) locations requested by citizens; (2) locations serving 
government offices and public facilities; (3) locations serving public transportation; 
(4) locations serving public accommodations, employers, and commercial districts; and 
(5) warehouse districts and residential areas.  RT 1441:11-1442:15, 1617:2-1619:13, 
1618:4-1619:13, 1956:6-1958:16, 2416:19-22; DTX A35 [000023].   
50. DPW employs a curb ramp grading or evaluation system to prioritize curb 
ramp repair and replacement.  RT 1606:23-1607:22, 1615:10-24.  In establishing the curb 
ramp grading system, the City solicited and incorporated recommendations from the 
MDC’s Physical Access Committee and the City’s disabled community to establish the 
grading system.  RT 1607:18-22, 1608:8-1614:12.
51. Under the curb ramp grading system, each existing curb ramp is assigned a 
“condition score” based on a 100-point scale.  RT 1607:2-13.  Each curb ramp begins with 
a 100 point score, from which a specific number of points is then deducted, depending on 
the type of disability access barrier presented.  For example, 5 points are deducted for lips 
greater than a half-inch; 12 points for a running slope between 8.33 percent and 10 percent; 
25 points for a running slope greater than 10 percent; and 13 points for lack of a level 
bottom landing.  RT 1607:23-1608:7, 1611:10-13; PTX 0023.
5
52. The City presumes that curb ramps with a score greater than 75 are good and 
usable; curb ramps with a score of between 70 and 75 are low priorities for replacement; 
and curb ramps with a score of 69 or below are high priorities for replacement.  RT 
1615:14-24.
53. The City tracks citizen requests, curb ramp attributes, and curb ramp 
condition scores through a Curb Ramp Information System (“CRIS”) database.   
5 The blind and low-vision community expressed concern that the City would 
eliminate the half-inch lip present on some of the City’s curb ramps.  As indicated 
previously, detectable lips provide a means for blind or low-vision individuals to locate the 
edge of the ramp.  Such discussions were factored into the City’s decision to deduct only 
five points for curb ramps with a half-inch lip. RT 1611:10-13.  In lieu of a detectable half-
inch lip, the City now uses a detectable warning surface (i.e., tiles with “bumps” or tactile 
domes) on all new curb ramps it constructs.  RT 1608:13-1609:4.   
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54. The City also uses a geographic information service (“GIS”) to map citywide 
curb ramp locations by grade based on the data contained within the CRIS database.  RT 
1621:2-25; DTX F11.  These maps include public transit stops, civic buildings, health 
facilities, libraries, police stations, cultural centers, and public schools.  RT 1621:2-
1622:10; DTX F11.  
55. At the time the current Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan was drafted, 
the City had yet to identify every location where a new or upgraded curb ramp was required 
to achieve curb ramp saturation.  RT 2390:19-2391:11.  By January 2011, however, the 
City had surveyed all potential curb ramp locations and uploaded information about each 
location into the CRIS database.  More specifically, the survey confirmed whether there 
was an existing curb ramp at the location, the condition of any existing curb ramp, and 
whether the location actually served a pedestrian crossing and thus warranted installation of 
a curb ramp.  RT 2395:22-2396:23.  
56. Based on information in its CRIS database, the City has determined that 
23,401 curb ramps are needed to meet the City’s goal of curb ramp saturation.  RT 
2410:19-2411:21.   
57. Consistent with its Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan, the City installs 
approximately 1,200 new curb ramps each year.  RT 2785:17-2787:13, 2789:3-2790:18; 
PTX 0022 [003798]. 
58. The Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan does not include a specific 
deadline for achieving curb ramp saturation.  RT 2015:16-29, 2413:17-2414:1.  However, 
at the time of trial, the City estimated that it would complete construction of the 23,401 
curb ramps by Fiscal Year 2028/2029.  RT 2410:19-2414:1.  That projection, however, was 
based on an overestimation of the number of curb ramps needed for curb ramp saturation.
RT 2396:19-2397:7, 2401:14-16, 2403:12-2404:9.  The City now projects that, taking into 
account accelerated curb ramp installation, curb ramp saturation can be achieved by Fiscal 
Year 2026/2027.  Dkt. 657, 4:12-13. 
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59. The determination of the particular curb ramps to be constructed in the 
upcoming fiscal year is based on available and procured funds.  RT 1637:4-1638:6,
2027:10-12.  The City prioritizes construction consistent with the priorities set forth in the 
Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan.  RT 1958:18-1959:2, 2027:4-19.  In the process 
of prioritizing future curb ramp construction, the City also evaluates the information 
contained within the CRIS database along with information regarding any planned paving 
projects and outstanding curb ramp requests.  RT 1627:16-1633:24.   
60. At the time of trial, the Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan did not 
explicitly include the City’s crosswalks.  RT 2013:13-22.  The City nevertheless has 
initiated a pilot project pursuant to which City engineers are to evaluate the accessibility of 
crosswalks when constructing corresponding curb ramps in order to determine whether the 
crosswalk contains cracks, potholes, or other barriers that adversely impact the crosswalk’s 
accessibility.  RT 2430:13-22.  The City plans to incorporate the results of the pilot project 
into its Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan. RT 2430:9-2431:19. The City also has 
developed a crosswalk assessment checklist for use in the pilot study and implementation 
into the Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan.  RT 2431:2-3; DTX Z58. 
b) Sidewalks 
61. The Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan includes a Sidewalk Inspection 
and Repair Program (“SIRP”), first implemented in FY 2006/2007, which governs the 
maintenance of the City’s 2,000 miles of sidewalks.  RT1974:7-21, 2447:6-18; PTX 22.   
62. Under SIRP, the City proactively inspects every city block on a twenty-five 
year cycle, notifies the responsible parties of any access barriers identified, and ensures the 
remediation of these barriers.  RT 1974:7-21, 2447:12-18; PTX 0022 [18-20].  DPW 
determined that a twenty-five year inspection cycle is reasonable, given the size of San 
Francisco, the fact that the inspection program operates in tandem with a grievance 
procedure, fiscal and staffing constraints, and the prioritization of repairs where pedestrian 
volume is the greatest.  RT 1974:3-21, 2453:9-17.  
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63. Under SIRP, the City prioritizes sidewalk inspection and repair along city 
blocks with high pedestrian usage as characterized by or based on:  (1) commercial 
districts; (2) public transportation routes; (3) proximity to schools, public facilities, 
hospitals, or senior centers; and (4) population density.  RT 1974:22-1977:9, 2448:11-22; 
PXT 0022 [18-20]; DTX AA23.  Consistent with guidance from the Department of Justice 
(“DOJ”), the City also prioritizes locations based on citizen requests, requiring that requests 
from the disabled community be given top priority.  RT 1974:22-1976:2, 2450:12-24.
64. City policy specifies that private property owners are responsible for the 
repair and maintenance of sidewalk areas in front of their property.  RT 1101:1-4.  Once the 
City identifies a defective sidewalk and sends the property owner a notice to repair, the 
owner has thirty days to commence repairs.  RT 1101:14-17.  The City has endeavored to 
streamline the process by incenting property owners to use a City contractor in exchange 
for a waiver of permit fees. RT 2451:3-2452:4.  If the owner fails to repair the sidewalk 
after having been duly notified, the City is entitled to perform the repair and invoice the 
property owner for the cost of inspection and abatement.  RT 2451:11-15.  The City’s 
practice at the time of trial was to bill property owners through property liens.  RT 2451:15-
16. 
65. The SIRP, which is considered a “proactive” program, operates in 
conjunction with a “reactive” program known as the Accelerated Sidewalk Abatement 
Program (“ASAP”), whereby the City responds directly to complaints or requests submitted 
by the public.  RT 2453:18-2454:12.  Under ASAP, issues or problems with sidewalks that 
impact accessibility are given “high priority” for remediation.  RT 2454:1-12.  If a high 
priority complaint is received for a sidewalk that is scheduled for repair within a few 
months, the City dispatches an inspector typically within one business day to investigate the 
matter.  If the inspector finds a defect, he or she will immediately issue a notice of repair 
and an abatement order to the property owner.  Repairs are generally completed within 
ninety days.  RT 2454:13-2455:22. 
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66. In addition to the foregoing, the City has adopted various other policies to 
ensure accessibility of the City’s sidewalks.  RT 1959:13-1960:2, 2443:25-2444:10.  These 
policies include:  guidelines regarding the placement of barriers at construction sites; 
guidelines regarding the placement of scaffolding; permit requirements regarding the use of 
tables and chairs on the sidewalk; requirements regarding temporary occupancy of the 
public right-of-way; guidelines regarding displaying merchandise on the sidewalk; 
regulations regarding tree planting and maintenance; and requirements regarding slip-
resistant metal covers and grates.  RT 1960:7-1971:9; DTX A9; DTX A21; DTX G19; 
DTX F43; DTX F44; DTX F45; DTX G17; DTX F48; DTX G10. 
C. F
ACILITIES AND PROGRAMS
67. Separate and apart from its public right-of-way system, the City operates a 
number of programs, i.e., aquatic,  library and RecPark programs, which are offered through 
various facilities located throughout San Francisco. 
68. The library program is provided through the Main Library and twenty-seven 
branch libraries located throughout San Francisco.  RT 2222:13-15.
69. The aquatic program is provided through nine swimming pools, RT 2763:21-
2765:5.
70. The RecPark program is provided through approximately 220 parks spanning 
4,200 acres of park space and 400 structures (i.e., clubhouses, recreation centers, etc.) 
thereon.  RT 2264:13-17, 2302:12-16. 
71. The City has enacted procedures and policies to ensure meaningful access, 
including program access, to its aquatic, library and RecPark programs, as summarized 
below.
1. Facilities Transition Plan 
a) History and Objectives 
72. In 2003, MOD hired Logan Hopper (“Hopper”) as a facilities transition plan 
consultant.  RT 1603:12-18. Hopper surveyed approximately 700 facilities across the City 
and prepared a draft transition plan.  The draft transition plan identified the “essential 
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services” offered by various city departments, including Library and RecPark, and 
estimated costs and timelines for removing the identified access barriers.  RT 1603:22-
1604:3, 1603:22-1604:3; PTX 0034 [000470, 000476, 000522-523, 000528-538].  
73. Mizner, the Director of MOD, testified that because Hopper was not familiar 
with construction practices in San Francisco, she felt that he had significantly 
underestimated both the projected cost and the amount of time necessary to complete a 
particular project.  RT 1603:12-1604:18.  Accordingly, Mizner recruited Scott to lead the 
development of the City’s facilities transition plan.  RT 1604:14-18, 1770:10-12, 1777:21-
1779:11.  Scott, who had been the ADA Coordinator for the Port of San Francisco, is a 
licensed architect with more than twenty years of experience working on architectural 
access issues and is a former member of the U.S. Access Board’s Recreation Access 
Advisory Committee and Places of Amusement Committee.  RT 1771:21-1773:22, 1775:9-
11. 
b) Uniform Physical Access Strategy or UPhAS 
74. In 2007, under Scott’s leadership, the City developed its facilities transition 
plan known as the Uniform Physical Access Strategy (“UPhAS”).  Scott’s plan is based on 
the extensive work performed by Hopper and Gilda Puente Peters, another access 
consultant retained by the City, the capital plans of various City departments such as 
Library and Rec Park, and outreach to the disabled community to understand their 
priorities.  RT 1452:20-23, 1779:12-1780:9; 1784:7-22; DTX B07, PTX 0035. 
75. UPhAS governs the City’s libraries and Rec Park facilities.  RT 1791:15-
1792:15; 1797:20-1798:5.  The plan seeks to provide maximum access for the disabled to 
each City building and facility, RT 1785:14-1786:22; prioritize physical access solutions 
and limit the use of a program access approach (which allows a city to move programs to 
other sites rather than make access improvements), RT 1789:6-19; and offer programs and 
services in the most integrated setting possible, RT 1789:20-1790:10; DTX B07 [005317]).  
UPhAS calls for input from the public and MOD, as well as an annual assessment of access 
priorities.  RT 1786:23-17878:4; PTX 0040.
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76. UPhAS has no schedule or deadline for the removal of access barriers, but 
instead, sets funding targets to facilitate their removal.  RT 1456:18-1457:15, 123:11-12, 
612:2-9;  PTX 0040.  As such, the City’s plan for implementing UPhAS changes annually, 
depending on funding.  RT 612:2-4.     
77. The City constantly re-evaluates UPhAS by tracking projects as they are 
created, built and completed.  RT 1791:2-1791:14.  Scott uses complex, color-coded 
spreadsheets and maps to track the status of each facility evaluated as part of the Hopper 
surveys and to graphically represent the accessibility of City facilities.  RT 1798:6-1799:25;
1801:24-1802:2; 1810:6-25; PTX B39.  Each color signifies a different status.  RT 1799:4-
25.  Blue dots “signify a building that had undergone new construction or alterations,” 
based on a post-2000 capital improvement project.  RT 1463:8-1464:12; see, e.g., PTX 
0148A.  For instance, one of the maps shows all of the City’s swimming pools located in 
San Francisco.  DTX F16.  Some pools are identified by a blue dot, while others are 
denoted with a red dot, which signifies “limited access.”  Id.
78. Trial testimony established that a blue dot was not intended to suggest that 
every element of the facility was 100 percent compliant with all applicable facilities access 
regulations; rather, it signifies that the facility was fulfilling the City’s program access 
intent under UPhAS.  RT 1464:14-23.  In other words, a blue dot indicates only that the 
facility offers some accessible program or programs, and not necessarily that every physical 
element of the facility is compliant with disability access regulations. 
79. Through UPhAS, the City seeks to attain a level of access greater than
required under law (i.e., more than the legally-mandated program access) with respect to 
almost all of its various programs, services, and activities.  RT 1785:23-1788:21.  For 
example, the City strives to ensure that all libraries are accessible to disabled individuals, 
even though Title II does not require that the City make each library facility accessible.  RT 
1797:5-19.  However, due to the broad, varying and diverse scope of RecPark facilities, the 
City aims for program access (as opposed to access greater than legally required) as to 
RecPark programs, services, and activities.  RT 1797:20-1798:5.   
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2. New Construction and Alterations 
80. Federal regulations promulgated to enforce the ADA require that each new 
facility or part of a facility constructed or altered after January 26, 1992, conform to either 
(1) the ADAAG (i.e., ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities) or (2) the 
UFAS, thereby allowing public entities to choose between the two accessibility standards.  
See 28 C.F.R. § 35.151.   
81. The City has elected to use ADAAG as its standard for ensuring that newly 
constructed or altered facilities comply with federal access laws.  RT 1919:20-24. 
82. Since June 22, 1998, the City has required that all projects involving new 
construction or alterations of a building funded, in whole or in part, by the City, undergo 
review by City staff to ensure compliance with disability access laws.  RT 1568:11-
1569:24; 1914:17-1917:5; 1918:12-22; 1919:6-19; DTX P11; DTX A35 [000126-141].  To 
that end, City staff members regularly meet with architectural teams during the planning 
and design stage, review construction plans before permits are issued, visit sites during the 
construction process, and conduct post-construction field inspections to ensure access 
compliance.  RT 1744:19-1748:15, 1901:15-1903:22, 1914:17-1917:5, 1918:12-22, 1919:6-
19, 1568:11-1569:24; DTX P11; DTX A35 [000126-141].  
83. The City also requires that sidewalks and curb ramps adjacent to newly 
constructed or altered City buildings be accessible to persons with disabilities.  As a result, 
whenever a City facility is constructed or altered, the City evaluates the condition of the 
sidewalk and curb ramps bounding the perimeter of the project site, evaluates the path of 
travel from the facility to the public right-of-way, nearby parking and public transportation, 
and corrects any access problems identified.  RT 1936:4-1938:11.
84. In January 2010, DPW adopted and implemented Procedure 9.8.24, which is 
a written accessibility compliance procedure that sets forth the review process for all 
projects designed by or contracted through DPW to ensure that all construction plans and 
completed facilities meet applicable access regulations and City standards.  RT 1920:24-
1921:24; DTX A14.   
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85. Procedure 9.8.24 requires DPW Disability Access Coordinator to conduct:
(1) accessibility reviews during the planning and design of DPW-managed City projects, 
which includes the review of construction drawings and plans prior to submission to the 
Department of Building Inspection; (2) accessibility reviews during construction; and 
(3) post-construction inspections for disability access compliance before the building is 
certified for occupancy.  DTX A14; RT 1921:25-1935:19; DTX J21; DTX K10.  Publicly-
funded projects reviewed by MOD undergo similar access reviews.  RT 1742:23-1743:6, 
1743:16-1748:15, 1901:15-1904:8.  The Department of Building Inspection will not issue a 
building permit, or certify a project as complete, without written approval from MOD’s 
compliance officers for each stage of design and construction.  RT 1747:1-1748:15, 
1901:15-1904:8.   
86. Hecker opined that the City staff members responsible for design and 
construction review of publicly-funded projects are “well qualified, competent, detail-
oriented professionals that really understand the accessibility requirements of the ADA.”
RT 2729:17-2730:3.  The Court finds Hecker, who serves as a consultant to the DOJ in 
ADA enforcement actions, to be a credible witness and credits his testimony accordingly.  
RT 2720:6-2721:15. 
3. Specific Programs 
87. In addition to the City’s public right-of-way system, Kirola challenges the 
City’s compliance with Title II of the ADA with respect to its swimming pools, libraries 
and parks.  These facilities are the means through which the City provides its aquatic 
program, library program and RecPark program, respectively.   
a) Aquatic Program 
88. The City’s aquatic program is provided through nine public swimming pools.  
Six of the nine pools have been renovated and made accessible.  RT 2767:8-2769:17; DTX 
F16.
89. Wood credibly opined that renovated pools have the features necessary to 
provide program access, namely:  (1) an accessible route from the property line to the 
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building; (2) an accessible entry; (3) an accessible check-in counter; (4) accessible signage; 
(5) accessible ramps or curb ramps, wherever necessary; (6) accessible toilets; 
(7) accessible showers; (8) accessible locker rooms; and (9) transfer lifts to assist 
individuals with mobility impairments to get into and out of the pool.  RT 2136:7-2137:5.   
90. Balboa Pool, Garfield Pool and Rossi Pool are coded with red dots, meaning 
that they are “limited access” pools.  DTX F16.  However, at the time of trial, a barrier 
removal project was underway at Garfield Pool, RT 1813:13-1814:4, and Rossi Pool and 
Balboa Pool have since been scheduled for barrier removal, Dkt. 658-1.   
91. Hecker credibly opined that the number and distribution of accessible pools 
(six out of nine) is sufficient to provide program access for the City’s aquatic program.  RT 
2767:8-2769:17; DTX F16. 
b) Library Program 
92. The City’s library program is provided through its Main Library and twenty-
seven branch libraries.  RT 2222:13-15; DTX 132.   
93. In 2000, the City embarked on a $153 million Branch Library Improvement 
Program (“BLIP”), a program largely funded by a voter-approved $106 million bond 
measure.  RT 2222:16-2223:3; DTX C37; PTX 4057 [000113-114].   
94. BLIP’s express priorities are to ensure that twenty-four of the City’s branch 
libraries are ADA compliant and seismically retrofitted.  RT 2222:16-2223:3, 2228:25-
2229:9; DTX C37; DTX D1; DTX F22; PTX 4057 [00118]; PTX 0045 [72].
6  Although 
MOD had previously determined that the City was sufficiently providing program access to 
its library system through its four ADA-compliant libraries, it nevertheless approved BLIP 
after determining that the project met UPhAS’s goal of providing a higher level of 
accessibility than the legally-mandated minimum program access.  RT 1797:5-19. 
6 Prior to the passage of the BLIP bond in 2000, the Main Library and three branch 
libraries (i.e., Chinatown, Ocean View, and Mission Branch) were seismically-upgraded 
and rendered ADA-compliant.  As such, BLIP focused on the remaining twenty-four 
branch libraries.  Id.
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95. As of April 29, 2011, the City had completed construction and/or renovation 
of seventeen of the twenty-four branch libraries covered under BLIP.  The City anticipated 
completing work at five additional branch libraries between May and September of 2011.
As to the two remaining projects, one was under construction at the time of trial and the 
other was anticipated to conclude in 2014.  RT 2227:7-21; DTX I32.
96. Kevin Wesley Jensen (“Jensen”), DPW’s Disability Access Coordinator, 
conducted disability access reviews pursuant to Procedure 9.8.24 for all BLIP projects, 
other than the Mission Bay Branch Library (which was reviewed by Whipple).  RT 
1900:24-1904:8, 1938:20-1939:24, 1939:25-1940:8.  Jensen reviewed the projects at 
various points, including during design, planning, and construction.  RT 2230:6-2233:13.  
Following the completion of the project, Jensen decided whether the building should be 
certified for occupancy.  Id.
97. On a number of occasions, including one involving the Glen Park Branch 
Library, Jensen found that the construction work did not meet access requirements.  In 
those instances, he withheld occupancy approval and required the library to correct the 
deficiencies before opening the branch location in question to the public.  RT 2232:8-
2233:13.
98. Jensen also evaluated the path of travel from each branch library to the public 
right-of-way, nearby parking and public transportation.  Where necessary, he implemented 
access improvements, including the repair or replacement of sidewalks.  RT 1943:8-
1945:17.
99. In addition to the above, the City has undertaken additional efforts to ensure 
accessibility of its libraries.  For example, the Library employs two dedicated accessibility 
coordinators—one who specializes in programmatic access and who trains staff on a variety 
of issues related to accessibility, and another who specializes in ensuring that library 
facilities are physically accessible.  RT 2224:8-23.
100. Library staff use a Daily Facility Checklist to maintain the accessibility of 
each library facility.  Each morning, trained library staff inspect their respective facilities, 
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move furniture (including misplaced/errant step stools and chairs) or other objects that may 
impede the path of travel, and report any access issues that cannot safely or readily be 
corrected.  Library staff members have various tools, such as door pressure monitors, to 
conduct these daily inspections.  RT 2235:22- 2237:13, 2252:10-2253:21; DTX A45.
Pursuant to the Library’s policy of conducting daily inspections, misplaced furniture 
impeding an accessible path of travel remains out of place for, at most, twenty-four hours.
See DTX A45. 
101. The Library also offers a range of non-structural solutions to ensure access to 
its programs and events, including assistive technologies, books by mail, a Library on 
Wheels, a Library for the Blind and Print Disabled, a Deaf Services Center, and 
Accessibility Tool Kits, which include simple tools such as magnifying glasses, 
magnification sheets, book holders, pencil grips, and special rulers.  DTX A43; RT 2248:7-
2252:9.
102. At the time of trial, the City had instituted a policy requiring the installation 
of automatic door openers to increase accessibility in all buildings, even when not required 
under applicable access regulations.  RT 2238:16-2239:6.  The City also implemented 
custom access standards for use when purchasing furniture and equipment for its facilities.
RT 1940:9-1942:24, 2233:14-2235:3; DTX V26; DTX V27; DTX V28. 
103. Any public complaints regarding accessibility are handled by the Library’s 
ADA Coordinator for Programmatic Access.  Whenever possible, complaints are handled 
immediately.  Some complaints, however, require investigation and assistance from other 
City departments, and others require funding and must be budgeted.  RT 2253:22-2254:24.  
c) RecPark Program 
104. RecPark manages approximately 4,200 acres of park land, which includes 
more than 220 parks and 400 built structures, including pools, recreation centers, 
clubhouses, and playgrounds. RT 2302:10-23, 2264:13-17.   
105. Due to the scale and geographic distribution of its facilities, the City relies on 
a program access approach to provide disability access to RecPark programs, services, and 
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activities (as opposed to making each and every RecPark facility individually and fully 
accessible).  RT 1797:20-1798:5.
106. RecPark evaluates all of its recreation programs to ensure that they are 
accessible to individuals with disabilities, provide a range of accommodations, and 
maintain an inclusion services department that works with disabled individuals to meet 
their individualized needs.  RT 2304:7-2305:6.   
107. RecPark has three employees dedicated to accessibility:  an ADA 
Programmatic Access Coordinator; an ADA Facilities Coordinator; and an Inclusion 
Services Director. RT 2305:8-2306:2.
108. The ADA Programmatic Access Coordinator serves as a liaison between the 
public, RecPark and MOD, provides staff training, and works to resolve access complaints.
RT 2336:3-18.   
109. The ADA Facilities Coordinator focuses on ensuring physical access to 
RecPark facilities via barrier removal and works closely with the City’s Capital Division.
RT 2305:22-2306:2.   
110. The Inclusion Services Coordinator works with individuals who request 
custom accommodations, such as aides, wheelchair transportation, and assistive listening 
devices.  RT 2336:24-2340:13.  
111. RecPark requires daily inspection of its buildings and facilities for safety 
hazards or other issues that might impact access before they are opened to the public.  RT 
2315:15-2317:18; DTX Z60 (Employee Daily Facility Preparation Quick-Sheet).   
112. RecPark also undertakes a semi-annual accessibility survey whereby it 
inspects its facilities using a more detailed accessibility checklist and corrects items that 
may affect physical access.  RT 2318:2-2319:18; DTX Z61 (Semi-Annual Facility 
Accessibility Survey). 
113. As mandated by Proposition C, a 2003 voter referendum, RecPark regularly 
inspects features such as pathways, playgrounds, athletic courts, and trees.  These 
inspections promote accessibility by focusing on path of travel issues, such as surface 
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quality of pathways, the operability of gates and latches, and removal of barriers such as 
low hanging tree limbs.  RT 2320:2-2321:6. 
114. RecPark has a written policy that categorizes and prioritizes maintenance 
requests and complaints as follows:  emergencies, which are to be addressed immediately; 
health, safety and accessibility issues, which are to be addressed within forty-eight hours; 
and routine issues.
7  RT 2306:3-2309:14; DTX A10.  
115. The public may obtain information relating to the department’s programs, 
services, and activities—including accessibility information—through RecPark’s website.
RT 2344:25-2348:19; PTX 3875.   
116. The website contains a webpage specifically dedicated to disability access 
issues, which provides information regarding facility accessibility and programmatic 
accessibility, as well as contact information for further access inquiries.  RT 2347:24-
2348:19; PTX 3875 [075767]. It also provides instructions for submitting individualized 
requests for inclusion services or accommodations, as well as a list of available adaptive 
recreation classes and activities.  RT 2347:24-2348:19, 2354:10-24; PTX 3875 [075768].
The website includes a map function that identifies parks and recreation facilities as either 
“accessible” or “limited wheelchair accessibility.”  PTX 3875 [075769].
117. The purpose of the website is to provide the public with “shorthand 
information” regarding City facilities that contain programs accessible to wheelchair users.
RT 1502:13-16.  As such, the website defines an “accessible” park or outdoor area as one 
that has a wheelchair accessible entry and “at least one accessible recreational opportunity.”
RT 1476:24-1477:14, 2329:11-16; PTX 3875 [075767].  The website advises the public 
that due to the terrain, age, and natural features of the City’s outdoor areas, “there will be 
sites labeled ‘accessible’ in which some areas of the site are not accessible to wheelchair 
users.”  PTX 3875 [075767]. 
7 The trial record does not indicate RecPark’s timeframe for addressing routine 
issues.
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118. RecPark makes reasonable efforts to fulfill special accommodation requests 
made by persons with disabilities.  RT 2348:20-2354:3.  Although RecPark requests 
seventy-two hours’ notice for such requests, it nonetheless strives to accommodate requests 
received less than seventy-two hours in advance, as well.  RT 2310:12-2312:24, 2348:20-
2350:1.
119. At trial, RecPark’s ADA Coordinator for Programmatic Access testified that 
he was unaware of any situation in which RecPark had been unable to fulfill a request for 
accommodation, and there has been no showing to the contrary.  RT 2352:16-19.
8
120. Since 2000, RecPark has spent over $500 million on capital projects to 
improve the City’s RecPark facilities through its Capital Improvement Program.  RT 
2265:2-2266:2; DTX C32 [000003].
121. As RecPark renovates each park and facility under its Capital Improvement 
Program, it makes access improvements as necessary to ensure compliance with access 
regulations.  RT 2274:3-2275:7.  
122. In 2008, RecPark estimated its capital need for its entire system to be roughly 
$1.7 billion.  RT 2267:2-12.
123. The majority of funding for RecPark improvements derives from voter 
approved measures, including the 2008 Clean and Safe Neighborhood Parks General 
Obligation Bond (“2008 Bond”), while the remainder came from other sources, such as the 
City’s General Fund. RT 2266:11-2267:2.   
124. In connection with the 2008 Bond, RecPark conducted a year-long 
community outreach campaign to select the parks to be included in the bond measure.
Based on the feedback it received, RecPark selected fourteen neighborhood parks or park 
facilities for inclusion based on the following four criteria:  (1) earthquake safety hazards; 
8 RecPark also works with the community to accommodate requests from gardeners 
with disabilities.  RT 2282:18-2283:15.  Trial testimony, however, does not establish that 
Kirola or any of the other class members ever attempted to visit any of San Francisco’s 
community gardens.  As such, the Court does not discuss the City’s community garden 
program in detail. 
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(2) physical condition; (3) location in dense urban areas; and (4) the provision of “core park 
amenities,” such as a play area, green space, recreation facility, athletic field, or athletic 
court.  RT 2267:13-2272:24, DTX O37 [00029-35].  All of the 2008 Bond projects include 
expenditures for access improvements.  Id. 
125. At the time of trial, RecPark and MOD were planning a $150 million general 
obligation bond for further park improvements for inclusion on the November 2012 ballot.  
RT 2277:3-12, 1808:18-1809:23.   
126. Pursuant to UPhAS, MOD studies and tracks RecPark’s capital projects.  RT 
1802:25-1803:3, 1805:1-22.  MOD works closely with RecPark staff and provides guidance 
on accessibility issues, such as the priorities selected for the 2008 Bond and the 
accessibility standards to apply.  RT 1806:3-18, 1808:11-17. 
127. DPW’s Disability Access Coordinator and MOD’s Access Compliance 
Officers perform disability access reviews for RecPark’s capital improvement projects.  RT 
1945:18-1946:14, 1901:3-14.   
128. Jensen, DPW’s Disability Access Coordinator, followed Procedure 9.8.24, 
which sets forth the review process for compliance with accessibility standards, for all 
RecPark projects he reviewed.  RT 1946:15-1947:1.  He also evaluated the path of travel 
from each site evaluated to the corresponding public right-of-way, nearby accessible 
parking, and public transportation, and he required access improvements where necessary.
RT 1948:7-1949:4.  In addition, Jensen used the playground and recreation accessibility 
standards developed by the U.S. Access Board when reviewing RecPark projects, even 
though they had not yet been adopted by the DOJ.  RT 1947:7-1948:6. 
D. L
AY WITNESS TESTIMONY
129. Kirola has been a resident of the City since 1993.  RT 1389:8-9.  She suffers 
from cerebral palsy and uses a motorized wheel chair for mobility and to travel around San 
Francisco.  RT 1380:12-1381:3. 
130. Aside from her own testimony, Kirola presented the testimony of three class 
members and three mothers of class members. 
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131. Timothy Grant (“Grant”) is a class member with multiple sclerosis who uses 
a wheelchair for mobility.  He resides in Albany, California, and travels to San Francisco 
four to five times a week.  RT 873:8-15, 881:18-23. 
132. Margie Cherry (“Cherry”) is a class member with chronic arthritis.  She 
resides in San Francisco. RT 1028:22-23, 1029:18.
133. Elizabeth O’Neil (“O’Neil”) is a class member with cerebral palsy who often 
uses crutches or a wheelchair for mobility.  She resides in San Francisco.  RT 537:13-24, 
539:18-540:20. 
134. Jill Kimbrough (“Kimbrough”) is the mother of a nine-year-old class member 
with Rett syndrome who requires assistance to walk.  RT 822:1:823:4.  Kimbrough and her 
family reside in San Francisco.  RT 821:6-8. 
135. Audrey DeChadenedes (“DeChadenede s”) is the mother of a twenty-five 
year-old class member with Rett syndrome who requires a wheelchair for mobility.  RT 
1001:14-19.  DeChadenedes and her daughter reside in San Francisco.  RT 997:24-998:10. 
136. Erica Monasterio (“Monasterio”) is the mother of a thirteen year-old class 
member with cerebral palsy who uses a wheelchair for mobility.  Both reside in San 
Francisco.  RT 1226:3-4, 23-24.
1. Public Right-of-Way 
137. Upon questioning from Class Counsel at trial, Kirola testified only to a very 
limited number of specific barriers she encountered while utilizing the City’s public right-
of-way.  In particular, Kirola noted that while travelling around San Francisco, she 
encountered bumps and/or uneven surfaces along:  (1) the east side of Fulton Street 
(“Fulton”) between Fillmore Street (“Fillmore”) and Steiner Street (“Steiner”); (2) Steiner 
between Grove Street (“Grove”) and Fulton; and (3) the east side of 19th Street one block 
north of Wawona Street.  RT 1381:14-21, 1382:4-16, 1382:16-18, 1386:-1387:18.  
138. Kirola claims that the bumps on the east side of Fulton caused her wheelchair 
to “hesitate,” and that she “got to spend extra time deciding where [she is] going to go.”  
RT 1382:8-18.  No further information was elicited regarding the nature or extent of the 
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alleged bumps and uneven surfaces.  In addition, it is unclear from Kirola’s testimony 
whether the bumps prevented her from accessing the sidewalk.  Indeed, Kirola testified that 
she is able to travel on the “west” side of Fulton along the sidewalk segment in question.
RT 1382:5-9.
139. With respect to the bumps along Steiner, Kirola testified that her wheelchair 
“refuses to go down that way.”  RT 1382:16-18.  With respect to the bumps along the east 
side of 19th Street, Kirola alleges that she “didn’t know where to go to avoid the bumps” 
and “had to take the bus.”  RT 1387:12-13.  Again, however, Kirola offered no further 
details regarding the severity of the alleged bumps and uneven surfaces she encountered, or 
any alleged burden imposed by having to take an alternative route, if any.
140. Kirola also testified that on one occasion she ran her wheelchair into an 
uncovered tree well on McAllister Street (“McAllister”).  RT 1383:3-12.  The record 
shows, however, that there was a 48” wide unobstructed path around the tree well.  RT 
1383:3-12, 431:3-10; PTX 4140Y.   
141. Kirola further testified that she encountered a corner with only one curb ramp 
(as opposed to bi-directional ramps) at the intersection of McAllister and Fillmore, but did 
not submit a complaint.  RT 1384:13-21.  She also found no curb ramps at the corner of 
Hayes Street (“Hayes”) and Fillmore.  As a result, Kirola had to make a conscious effort to 
take a “different route” to her friend’s house.  RT 1384:8-10.  No testimony was elicited 
regarding the details of the different or alternate route, such as the additional distance 
and/or travel time involved, if any.  Kirola submitted a curb ramp request for the corner of 
Hayes and Fillmore, and the City installed the requested curb ramps within twenty months.
RT 1383:19-1884:8, 1391:18-1392:2.
142. Kirola identified no other specific barriers regarding the City’s sidewalks, and 
she did not testify regarding any alleged access barriers within the City’s crosswalks.  In 
addition, Kirola testified that she routinely and independently travels across the City, using 
the City’s public right-of-way, public transportation systems, and paratransit service.  RT 
1380:12-22, 1392:17-23, 1393:12-23.     
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143. O’Neil, Grant, Cherry, Kimbrough and DeChadenedes each testified to 
having encountered uneven and cracked sidewalks, exposed tree roots and missing curb 
ramps, all of which impeded their access.   E.g., RT 541:14-19, 566:3-8, 541:24-542:5, 
546:4-25, 553:21-24, 563:24-564:10, 542:8-543:13, 553:9-20, 867:1-13, 824:13-825:11, 
821:17-18, 1031:22-1032:17, 1039:14-16. 
2. Libraries
144. Kirola testified to having used three of the City’s twenty-eight libraries:  the 
Main Library, the Western Addition Branch Library, and the Parkside Branch Library.  RT 
1385:22-1386:5.  At each of those libraries, Kirola encountered misplaced or errant step 
stools left in the stacks which blocked her access to the particular aisle.  RT 1385:22-
1386:5.
145. The Western Edition Branch Library is located in Kirola’s neighborhood.
She visits that particular branch about once every two months.  She found misplaced 
stools—apparently left by inconsiderate library patrons—on about 40 percent of those 
visits, which amounts to about 2.4 times per year.  RT 1385:17-1386:8.  
146. With respect to the Main Library and Parkside Branch Library, no testimony 
was offered regarding the frequency of her encounters with misplaced stools.
147. No testimony was presented showing that the misplaced stools prevented 
Kirola from utilizing the library or the library program in general.
148. Kirola also did not testify to encountering any other access barriers in the 
City’s libraries.
149. No class member testified to any access barriers at any of the City’s libraries.
3. Swimming Pools 
150. Kirola routinely swims at Hamilton Pool and Martin Luther King Jr (“MLK”) 
Pool, which were previously renovated and made accessible.  RT 1392:17-1393:23. 
151. Hamilton Pool is the closest pool to her home.  RT 1393:2-3.  Kirola’s only 
complaint regarding that pool is that she cannot use the children’s slide because it lacks a 
lift.  RT 1392:17-1393:23.  She acknowledged, however, that the slide at Hamilton Pool is 
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intended for children and was unaware whether adults are allowed to use it.  RT 1387:16-
18. 
152. MLK Pool is her “favorite pool.”  RT 1393:1-3, 1392:17-19.  Travelling to 
MLK Pool takes a “long time” on public transit, but is “not hard to get to.”  RT 1392:19-21.   
153. Kirola found Sava Pool to be accessible, but encountered a cracked sidewalk 
near the facility on 19th Street.  RT 1386:22-1387:13.
154. Kirola testified to experiencing accessibility issues at Balboa Pool, Garfield 
Pool and Rossi Pool.  These pools are classified as “limited access,” as opposed to 
accessible.  DTX F16. 
155. At Balboa Pool, Kirola encountered a steep entrance ramp and an inadequate 
locker room.  RT 1388:5-6.  She likewise found insufficient clearances in the locker room 
and restrooms at Garfield Pool.  RT 1388:7-17.  As for Rossi Pool, Kirola claims that she 
was deterred from visiting that facility after being informed that it was inaccessible.  RT 
1386:15-19.
156. Kimbrough testified that the ramp at Balboa Pool is too steep for her daughter 
to use, and as a result, she cannot watch her sister take swimming lessons or access the 
pool.  RT 838:12-839:19.  Although Coffman Pool is only a mile further away than Balboa 
Pool, Kimbrough prefers not to go there because her eldest daughter’s swimming instructor 
teaches at Balboa Pool, and she feels that Coffman Pool is not located in a safe 
neighborhood.  RT 849:10-17, 852:19-853:2 
157. Monasterio testified that the closest pool to her is Garfield Pool but that 
“there’s not a safe space for her to sit and shower.”  RT 1233:18-24.  Although she believed 
that Garfield is designated as accessible, it is not.  See RT 1234:10-12; DTX F16. 
158. Cherry testified that she attempted to take a swimming class at MLK Pool but 
that she had been forced to discontinue the class as a result of the lift being consistently 
broken for an entire month.  RT 1043:15-1045:19. 
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4. Parks 
159. At trial, Kirola testified regarding accessibility issues only with respect to 
Alamo Square Park.  More specifically, Kirola stated that “the accessible entrance is steep 
to use,” RT 1385:5; that she was “not able to get in the children’s play area,” RT 1385:14-
15; and that there were “some places where the slope of the paths are steep so it is hard to 
use those areas of the park,” RT 1385:7-169. 
160. Kirola did not offer any testimony or evidence as to when the features of 
Alamo Square Park about which she complained were constructed.  She also acknowledged 
that the park is located on a steep hill.  RT 1394:2. 
161. Aside from Alamo Square Park, Kirola did not testify or complain about any 
accessibility issues at any other City park or park facility.
9
162. Cherry stated, without elaboration, that all of the parks in her area “need 
help” and “haven’t been maintained the way they should.” RT 1041:1-5.  She commented 
that her daughter had difficulty with a bathroom at Golden Gate Park and felt that the 
disabled stall should be located in the front.  RT 1041:19-21. 
163. Kimbrough complained that her daughter:  (1) could not enter the Tea House 
at the Japanese Tea Garden (Golden Gate Park) because of the “stepping stones that go 
over the water,” RT 831:16-20; (2) could not enter the children’s playground at Golden 
Gate Park, RT 832:3-833:4; (3) had difficulty going to the duck pond at McLaren Park, RT 
834:16-835:11; (4) found the pathway to the play area at the St. Mary’s playground too 
steep, RT 835:16-8; (5) was unable to access one part of the play area at Balboa Park, 
though was otherwise able to use almost all of the play structures there, RT 836:17-837:9; 
and (6) encountered steep paths at Holly Park, which “is on the top of a hill,” RT 837:19-
838:5. 
9 At trial, some of Kirola’s lay and expert witnesses offered testimony regarding 
access barriers at Golden Gate Park and various RecPark facilities contained within the 
Park.  Kirola, however, made no mention during her examination of any access barriers she 
encountered at Golden Gate Park or any Golden Gate Park facility.
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164. Monasterio testified that her daughter: (1) had difficulty accessing parts of 
Glen Canyon Park, which is located in a “Eucalyptus forest” that is “very wild,” RT 
1234:16-1237:2; (2) could not enter certain parts of the exhibit at the Conservatory of 
Flowers (Golden Gate Park) because plants were in her way, RT 1237:3-20; and (3) could 
not enter the Japanese Tea Garden for unspecified reasons, RT 1237:23-1238:1.
5. Grievance Procedure 
165. Fraguli, who is in charge of the grievance procedure operated by MOD, never 
received any complaints from Kirola or any testifying class member or parent of a class 
member.  RT 1866:11-14, RT 1870:14-1871:9.  She was surprised to have not received any 
complaints from Kirola, whom she knows socially, or O’Neill, who had previously worked 
at MOD.  RT 1870:14-22. 
166. Though Kirola did not utilize the City’s grievance procedure, she did contact 
her district supervisor in July 2006 to complain about the lack of curb ramps at the corner 
of Hayes and Fillmore.  In April 2008, the City installed the curb ramps per Kirola’s 
request.  RT 1383:19-1884:8, 1391:18-1392:2.  The City also installed curb ramps at all the 
locations alleged in the pleadings.  RT 1392:3-16.  Kirola did not make any other formal 
access complaints to the City prior to the filing of this lawsuit. 
167. In 2006 or 2007, Monasterio ran into her then supervisor, Tom Ammiano, at 
the video store and complained to him about having “curb cuts” installed along Cortland 
Avenue.  RT 1228:18-1229:9.  In response, DPW consulted with Monasterio to understand 
her daughter’s needs.  RT 2001:8-2002:5. The City constructed all curb ramps requested by 
Monasterio within a year after the requests were made.  RT 2419:13-2420:4; 2001:8-
2002:5; 1228:18-1229:6.
10
168.   O’Neil testified about three curb requests.  First, O’Neil claims that in 1991 
she left a message with DPW regarding the curb ramps at Fillmore Street (“Fillmore”) and 
10 Based on a declaration she filed in this action, Monasterio apparently made other 
requests, which the City has prioritized for construction the next fiscal year following trial. 
RT 2420:5-2420:17. 
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Beach Street (“Beach”), and thereafter followed up many times, without success.  RT 
568:6-11, 569:1-572:11.  A curb ramp at that location was installed in April 2011, based on 
the request of a person other than O’Neil.  RT 2423:15-2424:5, 573:22-574:1.   
169. Second, she called DPW to complain about a curb ramp at the corner of Van 
Ness Avenue (“Van Ness”) and Olive Street (“Olive”).  RT 589:2-18.  She indicated that 
she made the complaint sometime between 2006 and 2009, and that the curb ramp was 
fixed in about one year.  RT 571:7-8, 589:6-7, 589:21-590:4.   
170. Third, O’Neil claims that on March 17, 2011, she submitted a complaint 
regarding steep curb ramps at the corner of Van Ness and Hickory Street (“Hickory”), a 
location where the City had received a prior curb ramp request. RT 578:4-24, 2420:18-
2421:2.  Initially, the City determined that curb ramps could not be constructed at this 
location because of a sub-sidewalk basement.  RT 2005:2-2006:4; 2421:3-8.  The City later 
identified a significantly more expensive design “bulb-out” solution that extends the 
sidewalk out into the street, thereby avoiding the sub-sidewalk basement.  RT 2006:5-18; 
2421:9-22, 2421:20-25. At the time of trial, curb ramps for this location were in the design 
phase. RT 2006:19-25; 2422:1-6.  Approximately twenty new bi-directional curb ramps 
have been installed in O’Neil’s neighborhood, some at her request.  RT 594:15-18. 
E. E
XPERT TESTIMONY
171. Kirola offered expert testimony from Peter Margen (“Margen”), Dr. Edward 
Steinfeld (“Steinfeld”), Jeffrey Scott Mastin (“Mastin”), Gary Waters (“Waters”) and David 
Seaman (“Seaman”). 
172. Mastin is a licensed architect and was received by the Court as an expert in 
architecture, construction, disability access, program access for mobility disabled persons, 
ADA transition plans, and barrier removal.  RT 927:6-931:23.
173. Steinfeld is a professor of architecture, the Director of the Center for 
Inclusive Design and Environmental Access (“IDEA Center”), and an advocate for 
improved disability access standards, and was received by the Court as an expert in 
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architecture, accessibility design, universal design, program access, and transition planning 
for public entities.  RT 606:7-607:9, 767:6-13.
174. Margen, a disability access specialist, was received as an expert on disability 
access.  RT 100:17-101:3. 
175. Waters, a licensed architect, certified access specialist, and disability access 
consultant, was received by the Court as an expert in disability access, program access for 
persons with mobility disabilities, the preparation and implementation of self-evaluation 
and transition plans, and policies, procedures and practices regarding disability access 
barrier removal.  RT 1306:23-1310:6.
176. Seaman was qualified as an expert in GIS.  RT 489:19-490:5.       
177. The City offered expert testimony from Hecker and Larry Wood (“Wood”). 
178. Hecker, a licensed architect, was received by the Court as an expert in 
architecture and disability access.  RT 2037:7-2038:3.
179. Wood, an architect and accessibility consultant with a nation-wide practice, 
was received by the Court as an expert in architecture, disability access, self-evaluation 
plans, transition plans, and Title II program access requirements. RT 2722:25-2723:6.   
1. Public Right-of-Way
180. Kirola’s experts offered a variety of testimony regarding their evaluation of 
the City’s curb ramps and sidewalks.
181. Mastin opined that 1,358 of the 1,432 curb ramps he inspected were 
inaccessible or non-compliant.  RT 1215:12-1218:7; PTX 4148.
182. Steinfeld found barriers relating to curb ramp accessibility at thirteen of the 
fourteen site inspections conducted by his team that involved inspection of the public right-
of-way.  RT 704:9-12.
183. Margen inspected sidewalks and curb-ramps at ten street intersections and/or 
street segments, and asserted that there were “major barriers to accessibility” which 
rendered “the system as a whole not accessible.”  RT 330:21-331:1.
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184. The Court finds that the opinions offered by Kirola’s experts are unreliable 
and unpersuasive.
185. As an initial matter, the Court has serious concerns regarding their 
methodology.  For instance, Kirola’s experts failed to consider the height of the curbs or 
widths of the sidewalks they examined, even though both are critical measurements that 
may impact the design, construction, and accessibility conclusions of the curb ramps at 
issue.  RT 2073:11-16.  The record also shows that they failed to take steps to apply a 
consistent method of measuring slopes, sidewalks, and curb ramps, and improperly applied 
ADAAG to the public right-of-way.  RT 398:12-399:5, 2055:24-2056:7, 2058:20-2061:6, 
800:24-802:21, 2048:9-15.
186. The Court also has concerns regarding the qualifications of the persons 
conducting the evaluations.  Steinfeld conducted his surveys mostly with the help of student 
interns who were not trained on California accessibility standards and whose work was 
shown by the City to be unreliable.  RT 738:2-739:22, 800:14-801:25, 817:12-819:2, 
2065:1-20.  Margen is not an architect.  According to fellow expert Mastin, only licensed 
architects are qualified to be experts in disability access standards. RT 1250:19-1251:22.
187. Wood, the City’s accessibility expert, whom the Court finds to be credible, 
was particularly critical of the methodology utilized by Kirola’s experts, opining that “there 
was no common way of measuring anything, such as slopes, sidewalks, [and] curb ramps” 
and that “they all seemed to have a different approach that was somewhat haphazard.”  RT 
2056:3-7.  Notably, the inconsistencies in such measurements led to internal disagreements 
between Kirola’s experts.  Steinfeld’s colleague, Denise Levine, who supervised the site 
inspections conducted by Steinfeld’s IDEA Center team, viewed her methodology as 
superior to the methodology employed by Kirola’s other access experts and rejected their 
inspection protocols in favor of her own.  RT 800:24-802:21. 
188. Also problematic is Kirola’s experts’ failure to account for dimensional 
tolerances.  Due to variations in workmanship and real-world construction practices, minor 
variations in the curb ramp or sidewalk construction may occur.  28 C.F.R. part 36, App. D, 
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§ 3.2 (“[a]ll dimensions are subject to conventional building industry tolerances for field 
conditions”).  For instance, there may be slight imperfections in a curb ramp surface, or, at 
different points along the ramp, the slope or grade may not necessarily be uniform.  RT 
2061:2-2062:62:13.  These variations may be the result of using a hand-trowel during the 
construction process and the natural settlement of concrete.  RT 2061:22-2062:2.  
According to Wood, a dimensional tolerance is a permissible deviation from standards 
commonly accepted in the construction industry and does not impact accessibility under 
ADA guidelines.  RT 2057:2-20, 2062:10-2063:2.  Mastin, who conducted the majority of 
the curb ramp assessments, failed to account for such tolerances.  In failing to do so, he 
inappropriately found trivial and insignificant deviations as access barriers, despite the fact 
that such deviations are permissible under industry standards.  RT 955:5-10, 1272:1-12, 
1282:4-18, 2055:24-2057:20.   
189. In addition, Kirola’s experts measured curb ramp slopes without considering 
the ramp’s overall “rise in run” and flatness. RT 2056:10-2057:1.  Instead, they recorded 
the maximum localized variation (i.e., the steepest individual point along the slope of the 
curb ramp), which skewed their results.  RT 2056:10-2057:1, 2058:20-2061:6, 771:11-
772:8.  Steinfeld, for instance, acknowledged that the measurements he made regarding the 
overall slope of each curb ramp were based on the most extreme variation in the ramp’s 
grade, misleadingly characterizing that measurement as applying to the ramp as a whole.
RT 771:23 (“we use the steepest slope as what we record”).  In other cases, the 
measurements taken were erroneous.  Mastin admittedly cited dozens of curb ramps with a 
slope of less than 8.3 percent as non-compliant—when, in actuality, a slope of 8.3 percent 
or less comports with the ADAAG.  RT 1275:5-21.  Wood noted this discrepancy in his 
testimony.  RT 2081:5-10.  Wood also pointed out that Kirola’s experts routinely cited 
items such as pot holes or utility grates as access barriers, notwithstanding the fact that 
there was an ADA compliant (i.e., 48-inch wide) path around the item.  RT 2079:10-
2081:10.
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190. The Court further discounts the probative value of Kirola’s experts’ opinions 
and reports based on their misapplication of ADAAG, which applies specifically to post-
January 26, 1992, construction.  RT 2172:11-14.  The ADAAG’s current regulations focus 
on buildings and facilities, and do not explicitly encompass the public right-of-way (though 
a public right-of-way section has been reserved).  Indeed, on July 26, 2011, the U.S. Access 
Board published Proposed Accessibility Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities in the Public 
Right-of-Way, thus implying that the Board intended the current guidelines to be limited to 
newly constructed buildings and facilities (and the curb ramps, sidewalks, and loading 
zones associated with such buildings and facilities).  Dkt. 636, Exh. A.
191. Even if the ADAAG were applicable to a public right-of-way, its provisions 
would apply only to newly constructed or altered elements of the public right-of-way.  See 
28 C.F.R. § 35.151.  Despite this distinction, Kirola’s experts indiscriminately applied the 
ADAAG to each curb ramp assessed without taking in account when the curb ramps were 
constructed or altered.  The fact that Kirola’s experts inappropriately applied the ADAAG 
to every curb ramp assessed without first ascertaining when the curb ramp was constructed 
or altered and whether the ADAAG therefore applied undermines both their credibility and 
the probative value of their testimony.
192. As for Margen’s claim that the “the [City’s] system [of curb ramps and 
sidewalks] as a whole is not accessible,” the Court finds his opinion unpersuasive.  RT 
330:21-331:1.  Margen was not certified as an expert on program access under Title II of 
the ADA nor is he an architect.  RT 100:17-101:3.  According to Mastin, only licensed 
architects are qualified to be experts in disability access standards. RT 1250:19-1251:22.
Further, Margen’s lack of knowledge was apparent from his inconsistent testimony 
regarding his understanding of Title II’s program access requirements.  RT 100:17:101:3, 
105:20-25, 333:9-11.  The Court therefore affords Margen’s conclusions regarding program 
access little weight.
193. The Court also ascribes little weight to the testimony of Kirola’s GIS expert, 
Seaman, who performed an analysis of the data contained within the CRIS database as of 
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January 21, 2011, and prepared maps, which depict corners lacking curb ramps and curb 
ramps with low condition scores.  RT 494:14-500:13.  Seaman’s geographic representations 
of the CRIS data are misleading in that he failed to show data for accessible curb ramps 
near the purportedly non-accessible curb ramps, despite the fact that such data was 
available to him.  RT 530:3-5.  In addition, testimony presented at trial demonstrates that 
the CRIS database was not up to date and lacked data for curb ramps installed through 
departments other than DPW.  RT 2396:19-2397:7, 2401:14-16, 2403:12-2404:9.   
194. In contrast, the Court finds the opinions of Hecker, the City’s accessibility 
expert, to be more credible.  The DOJ’s “Tool Kit for Title II Entities” advises public 
entities to create long-range plans to provide curb ramps where needed and to employ a 
request-based system for installing curb ramps.  RT 2811:7-2812:15.  Hecker opined that 
the City’s priorities for curb ramp installation, as set forth in the Curb Ramp and Sidewalk 
Transition Plan, are consistent with the priorities and recommendations established by the 
DOJ.  RT 2785:17-2787:13, 2789:3-2790:18, 2811:7-2812:15.   
195. On cross-examination, Kirola asked Hecker about a December 2009 expert 
report in which he had stated that the City had not yet installed every curb ramp necessary 
for program access when the network of City sidewalks was viewed in its entirety, but that 
the City was making progress toward program access.  RT 2795:19-2796:8.  However, 
Hecker acknowledged that at the time he issued the 2009 report, he had not actually 
determined the total number of curb ramps needed to achieve program access for the 
purposes of that report.  RT 2797:15-2798:6.  Hecker provided no updated program access 
conclusions regarding the City’s public right-of-way.  In any event, Hecker’s observations 
in the 2009 report do not undermine his opinion that the City’s policies and programs for 
curb ramp installation comport with the ADA.  RT 2785:17-2787:13, 2789:3-2790:18, 
2795:19-2796:8; PTX 0022 [003798]. 
196. To summarize, the Court finds that the opinions of Kirola’s experts regarding 
whether the City provides meaningful access to its public-right-of-way are uncompelling, 
particularly in light of the persuasive testimony provided by Wood, and affords them little 
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weight.  The Court finds Hecker, the City’s access expert, to be credible, and finds the 
City’s priorities for curb ramp installation, as set forth in the Curb Ramp and Sidewalk 
Transition Plan, to be consistent with the priorities and recommendations established by the 
DOJ.
2. Library and RecPark Facilities 
197. The Court now addresses the expert testimony regarding whether mobility-
impaired individuals have been provided with meaningful access to the City’s Library and 
RecPark facilities.  The following section is divided into two parts.  The Court first 
addresses the opinions offered to support Kirola’s contention that, to comply with its access 
obligations, the City must make each of its individual libraries, parks, pools, and recreation 
centers fully accessible because the City has a program of providing “unique” 
neighborhood facilities.  See, e.g., RT 103:6-104:19.  Following those findings, the Court 
will address the opinions and findings of Kirola’s experts that there are significant 
accessibility barriers that preclude program access with respect to the aforementioned 
facilities.
a) “Neighborhood” Access Theory  
198. According to Margen, each individual park or library constitutes a “unique” 
program because of its status as a “neighborhood” site. RT 104:1-19, 406:25-407:22.
Margen opined that program access, “as it relates to San Francisco,” means that all services 
and activities available at one facility must be made available at every facility.  RT 105:20-
25.  He admitted, however, that his opinion was not based on any authoritative publication 
in his field, but was simply his personal opinion.  RT 407:8-22.  In addition, Margen, who 
was not received as a program access expert, later contradicted himself, stating that the 
services offered at one park need not be duplicated at every park, “but where services are 
provided, those services need to be accessible.”  RT 333:9-11.  The inconsistencies in and 
apparent arbitrariness of Margen’s opinions raise concerns regarding his actual 
understanding of the program access requirements.  RT 100:17:101:3, 105:20-25, 333:9-11.  
The Court therefore gives little weight to Margen’s opinion. 
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199. Like Margen, Steinfeld opined that each City park is “unique,” and therefore, 
the City’s efforts to offer program access to its park system was not “workable” in light of 
the length of time it would take to walk from one park to another.  RT 615:17-616:4, 
619:18-621:8, 629:12-15.  Though admitting that every park need not be made accessible, 
he opined that the City must provide an “equivalent park” within a “reasonable” distance 
from every non-accessible park, which he posited to be one-half of a mile.  RT 624:11-13, 
625:8-626:8.  He reasoned that certain “very special parks,” such as Mission Dolores Park 
or Golden Gate Park, have no equivalent, and as such, each of those parks must be fully 
accessible.  RT 629:3-15.  Steinfeld also asserted that parks are unique to the particular 
neighborhood in which they are located and potentially have “neighborhood meaning.”  RT 
618:21-25.   
200. Steinfeld presented no foundation for his opinions, and conceded that he had 
never visited Mission Dolores Park and knew little about it.  RT 797:19-23.  He also 
contradicted himself, testifying that only “a small part” of a particular park must be 
accessible in order to provide the requisite program access.  RT 717:10-21.  In addition, the 
suggestion that the name of a park connotes its unique, neighborhood meaning, is both 
unfounded and illogical.  The mere fact that a park is named after the area in which it is 
located does not establish that the park has “neighborhood meaning” or that the City is 
obligated to ensure that each and every “neighborhood” park is accessible.  Given the lack 
of any identifiable bases for Steinfeld’s opinions, it is readily apparent that his testimony 
was based on his personal views, rather than a professional understanding of a public 
entity’s Title II obligations.  For the reasons discussed, the Court finds Steinfeld’s opinions 
to be unpersuasive and gives them little weight.   
201. The Court also affords little weight to Steinfeld’s opinions that Coffman Pool 
and MLK Pool (which are designated as accessible pools) are not meaningful alternatives 
to Balboa Pool for persons with mobility disabilities due to their distance from Balboa 
Pool.  RT 673:4-23.  Kimbrough, a mother of a class member, testified that Coffman Pool 
was only two miles from her home while Balboa Pool was one mile from her home.  RT 
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852:18-853:2, 848:18-24.  Given the proximity of Coffman Pool to Balboa Pool, the Court 
is unpersuaded by Steinfeld’s suggestion that the Coffman Pool is not a meaningful 
alternative.  Steinfeld’s conclusion in this regard detracts further from his credibility and 
program access conclusions. 
202. Mastin opined that the City must make “each and every” one of its “unique” 
facilities accessible to satisfy its program access requirements under the ADA.  RT 
1223:22-1224:4.  Mastin testified specifically regarding recreation centers, stating that, in 
his opinion, the City’s recreational centers are “localized” and that it is “not equivalent to 
go to someone else’s neighborhood and socialize with people you don’t know.”  RT 
1172:22-1174:10.  Mastin failed to cite any authority or identify a factual basis in the 
record for his opinions, and the Court concludes that, like Steinfeld, his opinions are based 
on his personal, subjective views as a disability access advocate, rather than a professional 
understanding of a public entity’s Title II obligations.  The Court therefore finds Mastin’s 
opinions to be unpersuasive and gives them little weight. 
203. Waters opined that the “uniqueness of a particular facility” is a factor to be 
taken into account when determining whether or not program access has been afforded.  RT 
1349:4-15.  Again, Waters failed to cite any authority or identify any factual basis in the 
record for his opinions, which are based on his personal opinions as a disability access 
advocate rather than on a professional understanding of a public entity’s Title II 
obligations.  The Court therefore finds Waters’ opinions to be unpersuasive and affords 
them little weight. 
204. In sum, although each library, park, pool, and recreational center arguably 
may have some “unique” features, that does not, in turn, support the conclusion that each 
individual library, park, pool, and recreational center must be fully accessible in each 
neighborhood.  The opinions of Kirola’s experts are not grounded on any industry standards 
or understanding.  Instead, they are based on their personal beliefs as disability access 
advocates.  For these reasons and those discussed above, the Court finds the conclusions of 
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Kirola’s experts regarding the neighborhood theory of access to be suspect and lacking in 
credibility.
b) Accessibility
205. Aside from offering opinions regarding Kirola’s neighborhood theory of 
accessibility, her experts also discussed purported accessibility barriers in relation to the 
City’s Library and RecPark facilities.  These experts testified, to varying degrees, that they 
encountered multiple access barriers at the libraries, pools, parks, and recreation centers 
which they inspected.
206. Kirola’s experts inspected eighteen of the City’s twenty-eight libraries, 
including the Main Library.  RT 164:5-165:21, 384:14-385:13, 651:14-653:1; PTX 4148. 
Margen, Steinfeld and Mastin opined that those libraries had narrow aisles, inadequate 
turnaround space at the end of aisles, inaccessible restrooms, inaccessible seating, and 
excessive door pressure.  RT 293:5-295:3, 296:6-298:5, 334:8-16, 378:23-379:5, 741:20-
743:18 1213:12-22. Margen opined that the City’s libraries suffered from accessibility 
issues that must be addressed in order to make the library system, on the whole, accessible.
RT 334:8-16.   
207. Kirola’s experts inspected seven of the City’s nine pools.  Three of the pools 
they inspected, i.e., Garfield, Balboa, and Rossi Pools, are designated as “limited access”—
meaning that they are not intended to provide program access.  RT 164:4-165:11, 408:11-
14, 651:14-652:6, 1312:1-1313:2, 1813:10-23; PTX 4147; PTX 4149; DTX F16.  Steinfeld, 
in particular, claimed to have found numerous access barriers at the pools, including 
inaccessible paths of travel, inaccessible parking, inadequate signage, missing handrails, 
inaccessible handrails, heavy doors, drinking fountains lacking inadequate knee clearance, 
and non-detachable shower heads.  RT 657:15-657:24, 664:5-664:24, 670:10-670:19, 
672:7-19, 748:22-749:8, 812:19-813:14, 728:20-729:13, 736:8-22, 743:25-744:14, 755:19-
756:19, 813:20-814:24, 694:12-19, 728:20- 729:13.  
208. With respect to the City’s park program, Kirola’s experts inspected 13 parks, 
7 mini-parks, and 16 playgrounds of the City’s network of approximately 220 parks.  They 
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also visited multiple sites within Golden Gate Park.  RT 164:4-165:21, 651:23-652:6,
1312:17-19; PTX 4149; PTX 4147.  Based on their inspections, Kirola’s experts identified 
various access barriers, including an inaccessible entrance ramp at Balboa Park, a cracked 
sidewalk at Jefferson Square Park, limited accessible paths of travel at Golden Gate Park’s 
Japanese Tea Garden and Rose Garden, inaccessible paths connecting the main facilities at 
Glen Canyon Park, and placement of flora and fauna signage at Glen Canyon Park too far 
from accessible trails.  RT 670:10-671:12, 712:12-17, 757:5-6, 1316:22-1313:9, 1317:22-
1318:8, 1327:5-1330:15-17, 1331:13-23, 1333:8-21.
209. Finally, the experts conducted site inspections of thirteen of the City’s 
seventy-three recreation centers and clubhouses.  PTX 4147; PTX 4149.  Mastin cited 
access barriers at the recreation centers he inspected, such as inadequate signage, an 
excessive cross-slope leading to accessible features in a restroom, a broken elevator, and an 
inaccessible tennis court.  RT 1121:8-1124:5, 1141:5-1142:5, 1150:21-1152:4, 1155:20-
1158:6, 1158:19-1160:22, 1162:12-1164:15.  Mastin concluded that, based on the barriers 
he observed, four of the eleven recreation centers he inspected were not accessible.  RT 
1121:11-15, 1141:5-9, 1162:6-10.   
210. The Court is unpersuaded by the opinions of Kirola’s experts regarding the 
purported access barriers they encountered at the City’s libraries and RecPark facilities. 
211. As an initial matter, Kirola’s experts routinely applied inconsistent 
methodologies and inspection protocols.  RT 398:12-399:5, 800:17-801:25, 2055:24-
2056:7.  Two experts, in particular, inappropriately focused on minor construction 
variations and ignored dimensional tolerances, which resulted in otherwise trivial and 
insignificant deviations being characterized as access barriers—despite the fact that such 
deviations were permissible under industry accessibility standards.  RT 955:5-10, 1273:4-
10, 1342:6-13, 1358:19-1359:3, 2055:24-2057:20, 2065:8-20.  For example, at the Kimball 
Playground, Margen’s team used a very short level to measure slopes, notwithstanding 
Margen’s assurance that his team always used a two-foot level.  RT 2058:20-25.  Use of a 
short level is problematic because it “gives exaggerated readings because it’s so short [that] 
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it picks up minor fluctuations.”  RT 2059:1-4. Similarly, at St. Mary’s Playground, 
Kirola’s inspection team recorded the maximum localized variation as the overall slope of 
the curb ramp rather than the curb ramp’s overall “rise in run” and flatness, which is the 
appropriate measure of accessibility compliance.  RT 2059:9-2061:6.
212. Kirola’s experts also repeatedly applied erroneous access requirements.  At 
the time of trial, there were no set standards for parks and playground facilities, though 
federal guidelines for outdoor facilities had been proposed.  RT 2063:19-2064:25.  The 
proposed guidelines recognize that such facilities are located in topographies that vary, and 
as such, set different and more forgiving slope requirements than compared to those 
applicable to a building.  Id.  Yet, Kirola’s experts applied the more stringent but 
inapplicable ADAAG standard to park and playground facilities.  Id.   
213. With regard to buildings, they inappropriately failed to differentiate between 
new construction and alteration standards, applying the latest version of the California 
Building Code as opposed to the version in effect when the structure was built.  RT 
2046:15-2047:5, 2052:7-2053:20.
11  Kirola’s experts similarly failed to take into account 
the existence of conflicts between state and federal law relating to the placement of items 
such as the location of toilet paper and grab bars and door pressure, requiring the City to 
decide which standard is more restrictive.  RT 2048:16-2049:8.  Moreover, no showing was 
made that these minor variations fell outside accepted construction variances or otherwise 
rendered the particular facility inaccessible or unusable.  RT 2045:6-19. 
214. With regard to libraries, Kirola’s experts opined that they had narrow aisles 
and inadequate turnaround space at the end of aisles. RT 293:5-295:3, 296:6-298:5, 334:8-
16, 378:23-379:5, 741:20-743:18 1213:12-22.  Under both state and federal law, end aisles 
at library stacks may be 36” wide.  RT 2091:15-18.  The 48” width requirement cited by 
Kirola’s experts applies only to restricted U-turn areas.  RT 2091:13-2093:8, 2094:10-17, 
11 The City is subject to both federal ADA requirements and California 
requirements, which generally are set forth in the California Building Code.  Though the 
parties’ experts discussed both standards, the parties primarily devote their argument to the 
City’s compliance with ADA. 
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2194:14-2197:11, 2202:7-08; Cal. Bldg. Code § 1133B.6.2; ADAAG 4.3.3; PTX 4153, 20-
4.  Margen and Mastin also cited excessive door pressures at some of the libraries they 
inspected.  RT 373:5-12, 377:15-378:14, 1272:14-16.  However, for safety reasons, many 
of those doors had a greater opening pressure because fire doors are permitted to have a 
greater amount of pressure.  RT 2098:11-16. Mastin also admitted that door pressures may 
vary daily due to wind or other factors.  RT 1272:14-16.   
215. Another flaw in Kirola’s experts’ analyses is their citation to barriers that, in 
fact, did not impede meaningful access.  RT 2057:21-2058:9, 2081:8-10.  The survey 
prepared by Kirola’s experts frequently cited issues such as a door being difficult to open 
when there was an automatic door opener, thereby obviating the need to manually open the 
door.  RT 2057:24-2058:12.  In another instance, the report cited the lack of handrails for 
stairs when a new elevator system providing full access had been installed.  Id.  The experts 
criticized the lack of an ambulatory stall (which can be used by persons with crutches or a 
walker) in a library bathroom, when, in fact, the City had provided two accessible stalls, 
providing greater access than required by law.  RT 2098:18-2099:13.  Steinfeld criticized 
the Richmond Branch Library as having an inaccessible ramp, despite the fact that there 
was a second accessible ramp leading to the same front entrance which complies with 
ADAAG.  RT 738:16-18, 755:7-10.  Instead of focusing on overall accessibility, Kirola’s 
experts dwelled on minor variations that were no longer required, while overlooking 
“obvious features of a significant expense” undertaken to make the facility accessible.  RT 
2058:6-12.  These are but a few examples of the flaws that permeate Kirola’s experts’ 
testimony.   
216. In contrast to the unreliable testimony offered by Plaintiff, the Court is 
persuaded by Wood’s independent findings regarding the City’s libraries, pools, and 
recreation centers that he inspected as part of his work on this case.  Wood and his staff 
reviewed a total of sixty-nine facilities comprised of libraries, pools, recreation centers, and 
playgrounds.  RT 2041:20-25.  Wood’s team reviewed each alleged barrier listed in the 
reports prepared by Kirola’s experts, inspected each of the sites visited, and categorized 
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Kirola’s experts’ findings into four categories:  (1) “technically correct” and “affects 
usability”; (2) “technically correct” but with “little or no effect on usability”; 
(3) “maintenance of accessible feature”; and (4) “misinterpretation or error in use of 
ADAAG or Code.”  RT 2038:15-2039:22, 2159:3-22.  To ensure the veracity of his team’s 
findings, Wood held daily meetings to discuss methodology and equipment.  RT 2039:19-
22.   
217. With respect to the City’s libraries, Wood and his team reviewed each of the 
libraries evaluated by Kirola’s access experts, with the exception of the Visitation Valley 
Branch Library (which was under construction for accessibility improvements at the time of 
his evaluations) and the Ocean View Branch Library.  RT 2132:23-2134:10.  Wood opined 
that each of the sixteen “blue dot” libraries he visited has the features necessary to facilitate 
accessibility, including:  (1) an accessible route from the entrance to the public sidewalk; 
(2) an accessible entrance; (3) automatic door openers; (4) elevators within multi-story 
buildings; (5) access to all library levels; (6) accessible checkout counters; (7) accessible 
tables; (8) accessible doors along all accessible routes; (9) accessible copy machines; 
(10) accessible toilet rooms for men and women; (11) accessible drinking fountains; and 
(12) accessible book stacks.  RT 2132:23-2135:19.
218. Wood and his team also visited the three “blue dot” pools evaluated by 
Kirola’s access experts, along with the two additional “blue dot” pools not visited by 
Kirola’s experts (i.e., Sava Pool and North Beach Pool).  Of the five pools he evaluated, 
Wood opined that each has the features necessary to facilitate accessibility, including:
(1) an accessible route from the property line to the building; (2) an accessible entry; (3) an 
accessible check-in counter; (4) accessible signage; (5) accessible ramps or curb ramps 
where necessary; (6) accessible toilets; (7) accessible showers; (8) accessible locker rooms; 
and (9) transfer lifts to assist individuals with mobility impairments in getting into and out 
of the pool.  RT 2136:7-2137:5.  
219. Wood and his team also reviewed the recreation centers evaluated by Kirola’s 
access experts.  Wood opined that each of the newly renovated recreation centers evaluated 
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has all the features necessary to facilitate accessibility, including:  (1) an accessible route 
from the property line to the building; (2) an accessible entry; (3) accessible community 
rooms; (4) accessible ramps or curb ramps where necessary; (5) accessible elevators within 
multi-story buildings; (6) an accessible gym with accessible bleacher facilities (with the 
exception of the Golden Gate Senior Center, which lacked a gym); (7) an accessible weight 
room in facilities where a weight room was provided; (8) accessible doors; (9) an attendant 
for special requests; (10) accessible bathrooms for men and women; and (11) accessible 
drinking fountains.  RT 2138:4-2140:12.  
220. Based on Wood’s thorough analysis of Kirola’s experts’ findings, combined 
with his own independent analysis, MOD advised the Library of approximately three or 
four access barriers that it believed should be addressed, along with a few maintenance 
issues that it concluded should be attended to as part of its regular facility maintenance.  RT 
1652:16-1653:4.  At the time of trial, the City had made or was in the process of 
completing the requested repairs. RT 2255:8-2256:6, 2257:17-2258:10.   
221. MOD also recommended that RecPark remediate roughly 400 access barriers 
identified, some of which were minor and could therefore be handled by operations staff, 
and others of which required funding from the department’s capital division.  RT 2321:11-
2322:22, 1652:16-1653:20.  At the time of trial, RecPark had no deadline or schedule for 
completing the list of barriers received from MOD.  RT 2333:23-25, 2334:5-16.  RecPark 
had, however, worked with MOD to prioritize the listed recommendations and was in the 
process of addressing them.  RT 2321:16-2322:22. 
222. Wood found that only 1.6 percent of the access barriers cited by Kirola’s 
experts at City libraries and recreation facilities actually needed modification.  RT 2038:15-
2039:22, 2044:9-2046:12, 1649:10-25, 1625:7-10.
223. The Court finds Wood to be well-qualified and credible, and credits his 
opinions regarding the existence of the alleged accessibility problems with the City’s 
libraries and RecPark facilities over those of Kirola’s experts.
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224. The Court is likewise persuaded by Hecker, who provided testimony 
regarding program access to the City’s library program and RecPark programs.  As of 
December 2009, nineteen of the City’s libraries were designated as “blue dot” accessible.
Hecker opined that the number and distribution of accessible libraries across San Francisco 
was sufficient to provide program access to the City’s library system, considering the City’s 
“compact” size (forty-nine square miles) and effective public transportation and paratransit 
systems.  RT 2763:21-2765:5; DTX I32.   
225. Hecker credibly opined that:  (1) six of the City’s nine swimming pools were 
designated as “blue dot” accessible, and the number and distribution of accessible pools 
across San Francisco was sufficient to provide program access to the City’s aquatic 
program, RT 2767:8-2769:17; DTX F16; (2) forty-three of the City’s seventy-three 
recreation centers and clubhouses were designated as “blue dot” accessible, and the number 
and distribution of accessible recreation centers and clubhouses across San Francisco was 
sufficient to provide program access to the RecPark programs offered at those locations, RT 
2771:3-2772:12; DTX F40; and (3) twenty of the City’s forty-five athletic fields were 
designated as “blue dot” accessible, and the number and distribution of accessible athletic 
fields across San Francisco was sufficient to provide program access to the City’s athletic 
field program.  RT 2769:18-2771:2; DTX F34.  
226. In forming his program access opinions, Hecker relied exclusively on the 
determinations of Scott (i.e., MOD’s Deputy Director of Physical Access) as to which 
facilities offered accessible programs and services, i.e., the “blue dot” designations.  RT 
2768:4-23.  Scott is a licensed architect with more than twenty years of experience working 
on architectural access issues and a former member of the U.S. Access Board’s Recreation 
Access Advisory Committee and Places of Amusement Committee. RT 1771:21-1773:22, 
1775:9-11.  Hecker stated that he had a high degree of confidence in the reliability of 
Scott’s designations as a result of Scott’s knowledge of accessibility issues and the process 
employed by the City to ensure the design and construction of accessible City facilities.  RT 
2762:17-2763:12, 2769:2-15.   
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227. Furthermore, as of December 2009, 77 of the City’s 133 children’s 
playgrounds (58 percent) were designated as “blue dot” accessible, and an additional 15 
playgrounds were slated for renovation pursuant to funded RecPark capital projects.  RT 
1815:9-20; PTX 0148A.  As Kirola has made no showing to the contrary, the Court finds 
the number and distribution of accessible playgrounds to be sufficient to provide program 
access to the City’s network of children’s playgrounds.  PTX 0148A. 
228. Notably, Kirola failed to provide a program access analysis that refutes the 
conclusion that the City offers program access through its “blue dot” libraries, pools, 
recreation centers, clubhouses, athletic fields, and playgrounds.  Specifically, Kirola has not 
shown that each of the designated “blue dot” facilities (designations on which Hecker’s 
program access conclusions rely) fails to fulfill the City’s program access intent.  See, e.g., 
RT 726:5-727:11, 1344:7-1345:13, 1357:15-15.  Kirola’s experts instead emphasized that 
not all of the “blue dot” facilities were 100 percent compliant with disability access 
regulations.  The flaw in that conclusion is that it misapprehends the significance of the 
“blue dot” designations.  Trial testimony establishes that such designation is intended to 
represent that the site is fulfilling the City’s obligations under UPhAS, not that every 
element of the facility was “completely accessible” pursuant to applicable access 
regulations.  RT 1463:8-1464:23.   
3. Grievance Procedure 
229. On behalf of the City, Hecker credibly opined that the City’s grievance 
procedure is consistent with the requirements of ADA regulations.  RT 2727:5-19.  In 
particular, he found significant that the grievance procedure allows members of the public 
to submit complaints in any manner they wished to communicate and requires the City to 
issue a response within thirty days.  RT 2727:5-19.  The Court affords significant weight to 
his opinion regarding the sufficiency of the City’s grievance procedure.  
230. The Court is unpersuaded by Margen’s opinion that the City’s grievance 
procedure is flawed due to its failure to specify a definitive timeline for resolution of each 
access complaint received.  RT 219:23-220:18.  The DOJ’s model grievance policy does 
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not mandate a specific deadline for resolving each access complaint.  See ADA Best 
Practices Tool Kit for State and Local Gov’ts, Ch. 2, p. 10-11. The Court therefore affords 
little weight to Margen’s opinion regarding the adequacy of the City’s grievance procedure.
IV. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 
A. L EGAL OVERVIEW
1. Claims 
1. Title II of the ADA provides that “no qualified individual with a disability 
shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the 
benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to 
discrimination by such entity.”  42 U.S.C. § 12132.  Under the ADA’s implementing 
regulations, “no qualified individual with a disability shall, because a public entity’s 
facilities are inaccessible to or unusable by individuals with disabilities, be excluded from 
participation in, or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public 
entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any public entity.”  28 C.F.R. § 35.149. 
2. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of 
handicap in any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.  29 U.S.C. 
§ 794.  A “program” or “activity” means, in part, “all of the operations” of a state or local 
agency.  Id. § 794(b).  “There is no significant difference in the analysis of the rights and 
obligations created by the ADA and Rehabilitation Act.”  Zukle v. Regents of the Univ. of 
Cal., 166 F.3d 1041, 1045 n.11 (9th Cir. 1999); accord Armstrong v. Davis, 275 F.3d 849, 
862 (9th Cir. 2001), abrogated on other grounds by Johnson v. Cal., 543 U.S. 499, 504-505 
(2005).
3. Title 42, United States Code, section 1983, “provides a cause of action for the 
deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws of 
the United States.”  Wilder v. Virginia Hosp. Ass’n, 496 U.S. 498, 508 (1990) (quoting 42 
U.S.C. § 1983).  Section 1983 is not itself a source of substantive rights, but merely 
provides a method for vindicating federal rights conferred elsewhere.  Graham v. Connor, 
490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989).   
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4. The Unruh Act provides that persons with disabilities have equal access to 
streets, highways, public places, public conveyances, places of public accommodation, and 
housing.  Cal. Civ. Code §§  51, 54(a). A violation of the ADA constitutes a violation of 
the Unruh Act.  Id. § 51(f). 
5. The CDPA provides that “individuals with disabilities shall be entitled to full 
and equal access . . . to . . . places of public accommodation.” Cal. Civ. Code § 54.1.  “A 
violation of the right of an individual under the [ADA] also constitutes a violation [of the 
CDPA].”  Id. § 54.1(d). 
6. California Government Code § 11135 provides that no person in the State of 
California shall, on the basis of disability, “be unlawfully denied full and equal access to 
the benefits of, or be unlawfully subjected to discrimination under, any program or activity 
that is conducted, operated, or administered by the state or by any state agency, is funded 
directly by the state, or receives any financial assistance from the state.”  Cal. Gov’t Code 
§ 11135.
7. Aside from the ADA and Section 11135 claims, the parties do not specifically 
discuss or analyze any of the other claims, all of which rely on the City’s alleged violation 
of the ADA.  Accordingly, the Court’s analysis of Kirola’s ADA claim applies with equal 
force to the Rehabilitation Act, Unruh Act and CDPA claims.
8. The decision of whether to grant or deny permanent injunctive relief under 
Title II of the ADA is a matter of the district court’s discretion.  Midgett v. Tri-Cnty. 
Metro. Transp. Dist. of Or., 254 F.3d 846, 851 (9th Cir. 2001) (affirming denial of 
permanent injunction where the plaintiff failed to “present facts showing a threat of 
immediate, irreparable harm”). 
2. Standing
9. The City contends that Kirola, the sole class representative, lacks standing to 
sue for the alleged denial of meaningful access with respect to the City’s programs, services 
and activities, or to challenge any of the various policies which allegedly show that her 
injury is likely to recur.  Dkt. 666.  The defense of lack of subject matter jurisdiction may 
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be raised at any time, and the court is under a continuing duty to examine its jurisdiction.  
Augustine v. United States, 704 F.2d 1074, 1077 (9th Cir. 1983). 
10. “[T]hose who seek to invoke the jurisdiction of the federal courts must satisfy 
the threshold requirement imposed by Article III of the Constitution by alleging an actual 
case or controversy.”  City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 101 (1983).  To satisfy 
the “case or controversy” requirement, a plaintiff must establish standing under Article III.
Human Life of Wash., Inc. v. Brumsickle, 624 F.3d 990, 1000 (9th Cir. 2010).    
11. “[I]n order to have Article III standing, a plaintiff must adequately establish:
(1) an injury in fact (i.e., a concrete and particularized invasion of a legally protected 
interest); (2) causation (i.e., a fairly traceable connection between the alleged injury in fact 
and the alleged conduct of the defendant); and (3) redressability (i.e., it is likely and not 
merely speculative that the plaintiff’s injury will be remedied by the relief plaintiff seeks in 
bringing suit).”  Sprint Commc’n Co., L.P. v. APCC Servs., Inc., 554 U.S. 269, 273-74 
(2008) (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992)) (emphasis 
added).  “This triad of injury in fact, causation, and redressability constitutes the core of 
Article III’s case-or-controversy requirement, and the party invoking federal jurisdiction 
bears the burden of establishing its existence.”  Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 
U.S. 83, 103-104 (1998).
12. Where, as here, a plaintiff seeks only declaratory and injunctive relief, she 
must additionally show “a very significant possibility of future harm.”  Montana Shooting 
Sports Ass’n v. Holder, 727 F.3d 975, 979 (9th Cir. 2013); Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 
–– U.S. ––, ––, 133 S.Ct. 1138, 1147 (2013) (noting that standing may be based on 
threatened injury only if it is “certainly impending to constitute injury in fact, and that 
allegations of possible future injury are not sufficient.”) (citations, internal quotation marks, 
and brackets omitted).  “To have standing to assert a claim for prospective injunctive relief, 
a plaintiff must demonstrate ‘that he is realistically threatened by a repetition of [the 
injury].’”  Melendres v. Arpaio, 695 F.3d 990, 997 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting City of L.A. v. 
Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 109 (1983)). 
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13. The standing requirement applies to class representatives, who must, in 
addition to being a member of the class they purport to represent, establish the existence of 
a case or controversy.  O’Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488, 494 (1974).  “A plaintiff must 
demonstrate standing for each claim he or she seeks to press and for each form of relief 
sought.”  Wash. Envtl. Council v. Bellon, 732 F.3d 1131, 1139 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing 
DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. 332, 352 (2006)).
B. P RELIMINARY ISSUES
14. Before reaching the question of whether Kirola has Article III standing, the 
Court addresses four preliminary contentions concerning the constellation of evidence 
which may be considered in analyzing her standing:  (1) whether standing may be 
established by evidence that was not presented at trial; (2) whether Kirola’s experience with 
barriers in her neighborhood is sufficient to confer standing to sue for barriers she did not 
encounter; (3) whether standing may be established based on the experiences of class 
members; and (4) whether Kirola has standing to challenge the City’s alleged “overarching 
policy” of discrimination. 
1. Scope of the Evidence 
15. The City contends that Kirola’s standing is to be evaluated based solely on 
the evidence presented at trial; namely, her in-court testimony.  In contrast, Kirola argues 
that the Court is not limited to the trial record, and that the Court should consider evidence 
obtained or produced during discovery—irrespective of whether such evidence was 
previously presented to the Court.  For the reasons that follow, the Court finds that Kirola’s 
standing is to be determined based on the trial record. 
16. Standing is a core component of Article III’s case or controversy requirement, 
and as such, it must be established “through all stages of federal proceedings.”  Lewis v. 
Cont’l Bank Corp., 494 U.S. 472, 477 (1990).  “Since they are not mere pleading 
requirements but rather an indispensable part of the plaintiff’s case, each element [of 
standing] must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff 
bears the burden of proof, i.e., with the manner and degree of evidence required at the 
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successive stages of the litigation.”  Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561.  For instance, general factual 
allegations of injury resulting from a defendant’s conduct may suffice at the pleading stage; 
but in response to a motion for summary judgment, a plaintiff cannot rely on “‘mere 
allegations,’ but must ‘set forth’ by affidavit or other evidence ‘specific facts,’ . . . which 
for purposes of the summary judgment motion will be taken to be true.”  Id. (citing Fed. R. 
Civ. P. 56(e)).  “At the final stage, those facts (if controverted) must be ‘supported 
adequately by the evidence adduced at trial.’”  Id. (citing Gladstone, Realtors v. Village of 
Bellwood, 441 U.S. 91, 115 n.31 (1979)). 
17. An assessment of standing based on the trial record is both permissible and 
appropriate, particularly where, as here, the plaintiff’s standing is disputed.  See Maine 
People’s Alliance And Natural Res. Def. Council v. Mallinckrodt, Inc., 471 F.3d 277, 283 
(1st Cir. 2006) (“When, as now, standing is reviewed after trial, the facts establishing 
standing ‘must be supported adequately by the evidence adduced at trial.’”) (citing Lujan, 
504 U.S. at 561); Perry v. Vill. of Arlington Heights, 186 F.3d 826, 829 (7th Cir. 1999) 
(“‘[W]here standing is challenged as a factual matter, the plaintiff bears the burden of 
supporting the allegations necessary for standing with “competent proof.” . . . “Competent 
proof” requires a showing by a preponderance of the evidence that standing exists.’”) 
(citations omitted); Biopolymer Eng’g, Inc. v. Immudyne, Inc., No. 05-2972 (JNE/JJG), 
2009 WL 2916847, *3 (D. Minn. Sept. 4, 2009) (“Plaintiffs bear the burden of establishing 
their standing.  The Court will determine whether they have satisfied that burden based on 
the evidence received at trial.”); see also Augustine v. United States, 704 F.2d 1074, 1077 
(9th Cir. 1983) (“The defense of lack of subject matter jurisdiction cannot be waived, and 
the court is under a continuing duty to dismiss an action whenever it appears that the court 
lacks jurisdiction.”).
18. Here, Kirola has long been on notice that the City disputes whether she has 
standing and that such determination would be adjudicated at trial.  Although the City 
chose not to pursue the standing issue in connection with Plaintiff’s class certification 
motion, the Court’s order on that motion expressly stated that Kirola’s standing “[would] be 
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made following trial based upon the evidence presented and the relief requested.”  Dkt. 
285, 3:23-24.  Despite this awareness, Kirola offered only minimal testimony at trial to 
establish that she suffered an injury in fact.  Specifically, Class Counsel only elicited 
testimony from Kirola regarding:  (1) three stretches of sidewalk containing “bumps”; 
(2) one corner that lacked curb ramps; (3) one corner that provided only a single curb ramp; 
(4) errant step stools at three of the City’s libraries; (5) three inaccessible pools; and 
(6) steep paths at one park.  RT 1384:13-21, 1382:4-18, 1387:2-4, 1385:3-1386:8, 1386:15-
19, 1388:5-7.  
19. Apparently recognizing the insufficiency of her trial testimony, Kirola now 
argues in her post-trial briefing that the Court must also consider evidence that was not 
presented at trial.  Dkt. 672, 13:22-14:3, 17:16-18:4, 18:15-26, 19:12-25.  More 
specifically, Kirola points to certain portions of her deposition testimony and the 
declaration she submitted in support of her motion for class certification to establish that 
she encountered barriers in addition to those to which she testified at trial.  Kirola’s post 
hoc effort to supplement the trial record is unavailing.  The Supreme Court has made it 
clear that when standing is disputed at “the final stage” of a case, standing must be 
established by “evidence adduced at trial.”  See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561; Maine People’s 
Alliance, 471 F.3d at 283; Perry, 186 F.3d at 829.   
20. Limiting the evidence of Kirola’s standing to the trial record is necessary and 
appropriate as a matter of due process.  Both Kirola’s deposition testimony and her 
declaration constitute inadmissible hearsay.  Fed. R. Evid. 801(c); Orr v. Bank of Am., NT 
& SA, 285 F.3d 764, 779 (9th Cir. 2002) (“Deposition testimony, irrespective of its 
contents, is ordinarily hearsay when submitted at trial”); but see Fed. R. Civ. P. 32(a)(4) 
(providing an exception to the hearsay rule for deposition testimony where the witness is 
unavailable).  Namely, both documents consist of out-of-court statements offered to 
establish the truth of the matter asserted—to wit, that Kirola did, in fact, encounter access 
barriers as described and consequently suffered an injury in fact.  Kirola has not shown that 
these statements are subject to any hearsay exception, and otherwise provides no authority 
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suggesting that it would be fair or appropriate for the Court to consider her out-of-court 
statements, which were not subject to cross-examination by the City at trial.12
21. In sum, the Court finds that Kirola’s standing must be evaluated based on the 
trial record.  Consequently, Kirola cannot rely on her deposition testimony or statements 
presented in a declaration previously filed in support of her class certification motion to 
bolster the trial record for the purpose of establishing her standing.  See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 
561; cf. Simon v. Shearson Lehman Bros., 895 F.2d 1304, 1323 (11th Cir. 1990) (when a 
party chooses not to present evidence at trial for strategic or tactical reasons, it is not an 
abuse of discretion to deny the party’s request to re-open the record before entry of 
judgment).
2. Neighborhood Access 
22. Kirola avers that she suffered an actual injury as a result of encountering 
access barriers in and around her neighborhood.  While recognizing that accessible 
programs, services and facilities may be available elsewhere in the City, Kirola contends 
that the City is obligated to ensure that its programs and services are accessible on a 
neighborhood basis.  E.g., Dkt. 604, 20:8-9, 25:2-4.  By extension, Kirola contends that she 
has standing to sue for access barriers in other areas of San Francisco that she did not 
actually encounter.
23. As support for her position, Kirola relies principally on Chapman v. Pier 1 
Imports (U.S.) Inc., 631 F.3d 939, 943 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (“Chapman I”).  In that 
case, a mobility-impaired individual brought an individual Title III public accommodations 
action against a retailer, Pier 1, claiming that he encountered barriers at a particular location 
of a national retailer that impeded his access.  The court held that when a plaintiff “has 
12 The vast majority of the deposition testimony Kirola now wishes the Court to 
consider was never previously presented to the Court. Although the first volume of 
Kirola’s deposition was submitted to the Court in connection with the motion for class 
certification, the second volume of her deposition, as Class Counsel now admits, was never 
previously provided to the Court.  Dkt. 673, 1:13-17; see also Dkt. 189-2, Exh. 15.  All but 
one alleged access barrier which Kirola now wishes the Court to consider was discussed in 
the second volume.  Dkt. 673. 
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suffered an injury in fact by encountering a barrier that deprives him of full and equal 
enjoyment of the facility due to his particular disability,” he has standing to sue for 
injunctive relief, “either by demonstrating deterrence, or by demonstrating injury-in-fact 
coupled with an intent to return to a noncompliant facility.”  Chapman I, 631 F.3d at 944.
Additionally, the court held that “an ADA plaintiff who establishes standing as to 
encountered barriers may also sue for injunctive relief as to unencountered barriers related 
to his disability.”  Id.
24. Kirola argues that like the plaintiff in Chapman I, it is unnecessary for 
purposes of standing that she actually encountered the barriers which she seeks to address, 
and that standing may be established based solely on her experience with facilities in her 
neighborhood.  Chapman I, however, is distinguishable in at least two critical respects.  
First, Chapman I was an individual lawsuit and thus did not address the standards for 
evaluating standing in a class action.  Second, the claims in Chapman I were premised on 
Title III of the ADA, as opposed to Title II, which does not require that each individual site 
at which a public service is offered be accessible, so long as the program, activity or 
service, “when viewed in its entirety,” is readily accessible.  See 28 C.F.R. § 35.150(a) & 
(a)(1) (“This paragraph does not . . . [n]ecessarily require a public entity to make each of its 
existing facilities accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities.”).  “In contrast, 
Title III of the ADA, which governs places of public accommodation, imposes more
stringent requirements aimed at ensuring that every facility is equally accessible to 
disabled persons.”  Cohen, 754 F.3d at 695 n.4 (citing Disabled Rights Action Comm. v. 
Las Vegas Events, Inc., 375 F.3d 861, 882 (9th Cir. 2004)) (emphasis added); see also Cary 
LaCheen, Using Title II of the Americans with Disability Act on Behalf of Clients in TANF 
Programs, 8 GEO.J . ON POVERTY L. & POL’Y 1, 119-20 (2001) (“Given . . . the fact that the 
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unit of analysis for determining accessibility is different under Title II and Title III, Title III 
will often be a more stringent access standard for a particular program site than Title II.”).13
25. Because the proper unit of analysis under Title II of the ADA is programs
and services—not the individual sites at which they are offered—it is possible for a 
program, when viewed in its entirety, to be in compliance with the ADA, even if some 
aspects of facilities where the programs are offered are inaccessible.  E.g., Daubert, 760 
F.3d at 987-988 (holding that the mere fact that some of the bleachers in the football 
stadium were not accessible did not result in the denial of program access to the school 
district’s football program); Bird v. Lewis & Clark College, 303 F.3d 1015, 1022 (9th Cir. 
2002) (“Accessibility is not location-dependent; rather, as we have explained, the essential 
inquiry is whether the program overall is accessible”).  Accordingly, a Title II plaintiff 
cannot establish standing by merely pointing to a few isolated access barriers in her 
neighborhood.  Rather, to establish standing, a Title II plaintiff must show that the barriers 
she encountered amounted to a wholesale denial of “meaningful access” to the challenged 
program, service, or activity, when viewed in its entirety.  See Armstrong, 275 F.3d at 861 
(citing Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 287, 295 (1985)). 
26. The two out-of-circuit district court cases cited by Kirola are likewise 
unavailling.  See Kerrigan v. Philadelphia Bd. of Elections, No. 07-687, 2008 WL 3562521, 
*17-18 (E.D. Pa. 2008); Westchester Disabled on the Move, Inc. v. Cnty. of Westchester, 
346 F. Supp. 2d 473, 478 (S.D.N.Y. 2004).  Both of those cases involved the provision of 
accessible polling places on a neighborhood basis, and presented issues including the threat 
of voter disenfranchisement and the fact that registered voters are specifically assigned to 
13 In addition, unlike Title III, ADA Title II regulations also allow public entities to 
utilize a variety of methods to render existing facilities “readily accessible,” including the 
“reassignment of services to accessible buildings” and the “delivery of services at alternate 
accessible sites,” among others.  28 C.F.R. § 35.150(b); see also Tenn. v. Lane, 541 U.S. 
509, 511 (2004) (“Title II does not require States to employ any and all means to make . . . 
services accessible or to compromise essential eligibility criteria for public programs.  It 
requires only ‘reasonable modifications’ that would not fundamentally alter the nature of 
the service provided, and only when the individual seeking modifications is otherwise 
eligible for the service.”). 
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polling places near their registered addresses so as to encourage and facilitate voting.  See, 
e.g., Kerrigan, 2008 WL 3562521, *1 (noting that the Philadelphia Board of Elections and 
the Commissioners of the City of Philadelphia “assign each registered voter to a specific 
division near his or her home” and estimating there to be between 1,000 and 1,200 polling 
places in the City of Philadelphia).  The issues relating to the location of polling places and 
whether voters have access to a public entity’s “program of voting” are separate and 
distinct from whether disabled persons have program access to the City’s facilities and 
public right-of-way.  Accordingly, the Court finds these cases to be inapposite.
27. In sum, the Court finds no merit to Kirola’s contention that she need only 
establish that she encountered barriers within her neighborhood in order to have standing to 
seek injunctive relief with respect to the City’s programs, services and activities at issue.
She must instead prove that she was denied access to the foregoing in their entirety.
14
3. Testimony of Class Members 
28. Kirola argues that she may satisfy her burden of demonstrating standing 
based on the experiences of persons other than herself; to wit, class members.  Dkt. 672, 
13:22-14:3.  This contention also lacks merit.  “[I]n class actions, the named representatives 
must allege and show that they personally have been injured, not that injury has been 
suffered by other, unidentified members of the class to which they belong and which they 
purport to represent.”  Pence v. Andrus, 586 F.2d 733, 736-37 (9th Cir. 1978) (internal 
citations omitted); see also Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U.S. 727, 734-35 (1972) (holding 
that “the ‘injury in fact’ test requires more than an injury to a cognizable interest.  It 
requires that the party seeking review be himself among the injured.”).  As such, “if none of 
the named plaintiffs purporting to represent a class establishes the requisite of a case or 
controversy with the defendants, none may seek relief on behalf of himself or any other 
member of the class.”  O’Shea, 414 U.S. at 494; Cornett v. Donovan, 51 F.3d 894, 897 n.2 
14 Furthermore, as set forth above, the Court finds that the testimony proffered by 
Kirola’s experts in support of Kirola’s neighborhood theory lacks credibility.  Not only do 
such experts’ conclusions conflict with the law, they are unsupported by any discussion of 
professional or industry understandings of Title II’s program access requirements.
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(9th Cir. 1995) (“if the representative parties do not have standing, the class does not have 
standing.”).
29. Kirola cites Armstrong for the proposition that the experiences of other class 
members may be considered in assessing whether she has standing.  Dkt. 672, 13:28.  In 
Armstrong, a class of disabled prisoners and parolees brought a class action alleging that 
policies and practices related to parole and parole revocation hearings violated the ADA.  
275 F.3d at 854-55.  The Ninth Circuit held that when prospective injunctive relief is 
sought, the plaintiff must show not only that he suffered an actual injury, but also that he is 
“realistically threatened” with a repetition of the violation which led to that injury.  Id. at 
861-62.  A likelihood of recurrence may be shown where the injury stems from a written 
policy or the harm is part of a pattern of officially sanctioned conduct.  Id. at 861.  In 
discussing the latter theory of recurrence, the court explained that “[w]hen a named plaintiff 
asserts injuries that have been inflicted upon a class of plaintiffs, [the court] may consider 
those injuries in the context of the harm asserted by the class as a whole, to determine 
whether a credible threat that the named plaintiff’s injury will recur has been established.”
Id.
30. Kirola’s analysis of Armstrong mixes apples with oranges.  Armstrong 
discusses two separate components to standing:  First, the named plaintiff’s actual injury;
and second, the realistic threat of repetition, i.e., whether the plaintiff’s injury is likely to 
recur, which applies where injunctive relief is sought.  Id. at 860-61.  The court found that 
in connection with the latter, injuries suffered by class members may be pertinent.  Id. at 
861.  Significantly, nowhere in its opinion did the Armstrong court state that the threshold 
inquiry of whether the named plaintiff suffered an injury in fact may be analyzed based on 
evidence of harm sustained by the class.  Armstrong thus provides no support for Kirola’s 
claim that the Court must consider the experiences of class members in determining 
whether the named plaintiff suffered an actual injury.  The Court therefore declines to 
consider the testimony of other class members in assessing whether Kirola satisfied her 
burden of establishing that she “personally” has been injured as a result of the policies and 
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practices at issue in this case.  See Pence, 586 F.2d at 736-37 (holding that a named class 
representative’s standing must be based on the injury he sustained, as opposed to those 
suffered by class members). 
4. “Overarching Policy” 
38. Finally, Kirola argues that she need not demonstrate her standing to challenge 
each of the eleven policies and procedures she identified in post-trial briefing.  Rather, 
Kirola now asserts that the City has an “overarching policy of leaving disability access 
barriers in place,” and that she has standing to challenge this “official” policy.  Dkt. 672, 
1:16-28, 5:6-20:4, 25:18-19.  She denies that this is a newly-asserted theory of liability, and 
claims that the Court characterized the case in this manner in its order granting her motion 
for class certification.  Dkt. 681, 2:24-3:4.
39. As an initial matter, Kirola’s contention directly contradicts her prior 
representation to the Court that she is specifically challenging the eleven policies and 
practices identified in her prior post-trial briefing.  Dkt. 662, 13:12-14:17.  That aside, 
Kirola’s “overarching policy” argument makes no sense.  The mere fact that an access 
barrier is left “in place” does not automatically demonstrate a violation of Title II of the 
ADA.  Title II emphasizes “program access,” which entails reviewing the program or 
service in its entirety, as opposed to whether every element of a facility through which a 
program or service is presented is fully accessible.  See Daubert, 760 F.3d at 986.
Consequently, a barrier may be left in place without necessarily violating Title II. 
40. Kirola cites Arreola v. Godinez, 546 F.3d 788, 795 (7th Cir. 2008), for the 
proposition that this Court, in determining standing, must look at the “case as a whole, 
rather than picking apart its various components to separate the claims for which the 
plaintiff will be entitled to relief from those for which he will not.”  Dkt. 672, 3:9-12.
Arreola involved an interlocutory review of a class certification order, and as such, the 
court focused on the allegations in the plaintiff’s complaint to determine if he had satisfied 
his burden to establish standing at the pleading stage.  546 F.3d at 795.  Arreola is 
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inapposite, where, as here, the issue of standing is being evaluated based on evidence 
presented at trial.  See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561.   
41. Irrespective of whether Kirola frames her challenge as one to an 
“overarching” policy or to eleven specific policies and practices, Kirola lacks standing in 
either instance.  As will be established in the sections that follow, Kirola has not shown that 
she has suffered an injury in fact resulting from any access barrier she testified to having 
encountered.  Having failed to make this showing, she cannot, by extension, demonstrate 
any injury resulting from any allegedly impermissible policy or practice. 
5. Summary
42. Kirola must demonstrate that she has standing based upon her personal
experience as set forth in her trial testimony, and not upon the experiences of class 
members or any extra record evidence.  In addition, Kirola must establish that she was 
personally denied meaningful access to the challenged programs, services and activities in 
their entirety, as opposed to specific facilities.  The Court now addresses whether Kirola 
has met her burden of establish standing within the meaning of Article III. 
C. A
RTICLE III STANDING
43. The City challenges Kirola’s standing, arguing that she has failed to 
demonstrate that she suffered an injury in fact or demonstrated that her injuries will be 
redressed by a favorable decision in this action.
15  In addition, the City argues that Kirola 
has not established a likelihood of recurrence—an additional standing requirement in cases 
where prospective injunctive relief is sought.   
15 Though the City mentions causation, it does not specifically address that element.  
Nonetheless, the Court notes that the “‘fairly traceable’ and ‘redressability” components for 
standing overlap and are ‘two facets of a single causation requirement.’”  Wolfson v. 
Brammer, 616 F.3d 1045, 1056 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 753 
n.19 (1984)).  The fairly traceable or causation requirement examines the connection 
between the alleged misconduct and injury, whereas redressability analyzes the connection 
between the alleged injury and the requested relief.  Id. 
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44. The Court agrees that Kirola has failed to carry her burden of establishing 
standing by a preponderance of evidence with respect to the challenged programs, services 
and activities.  See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561; Perry, 186 F.3d at 829.     
1. Injury in Fact 
45. To establish injury in fact under the ADA, a plaintiff must show that she has 
been deprived of “meaningful access” to a challenged service, program, or activity in its 
entirety.  Armstrong, 275 F.3d at 861 (citing Choate, 469 U.S. at 295); Fortyune v. City of 
Lomita, 766 F.3d 1098, 1102 (9th Cir. 2014) (holding that program access requires that 
“the city’s system of sidewalks and pedestrian walkways,” when viewed in their entirety, 
“be ‘readily accessible to and useable by individuals with disabilities.’”); 28 C.F.R. 
§ 150(a).  Whether program access is being provided “is necessarily fact specific.”  Pierce 
v. Orange Cnty., 526 F.3d 1190, 1222 (9th Cir. 2008). 
46. Kirola alleges that she encountered “numerous access barriers that denied, 
limited or interfered with her ability to access the City’s pedestrian right of way.”  Dkt. 
672, 17:4-5.  However, Kirola, who testified only briefly, offered minimal testimony at trial 
to establish that she suffered an injury in fact.  Specifically, Kirola only briefly discussed:  
(1) three stretches of sidewalk containing “bumps,” (2) a sidewalk where her wheelchair 
became stuck in a tree well; (3) one street corner that lacked curb ramps, (4) one street 
corner that provided only a single curb ramp, (5) errant step stools at three of the City’s 
libraries, (6) three inaccessible pools, and (7) steep paths at one park.  See RT 1384:13-21, 
1382:4-18, 1387:2-4, 1385:3-1386:8, 1386:15-19, 1388:5-7.
47. Starting first with the City’s system of sidewalks and pedestrian walkways, 
the Court finds that Kirola has failed to show that it is inaccessible and unusable in its 
entirety.  The City’s public right-of-way consists of approximately 2,000 miles of 
sidewalks, 27,585 street corners, and 7,200 intersections.  RT 2391:23-25, 2447:6-18.  Yet, 
Kirola only testified regarding accessibility issues she experienced with three sidewalks, a 
tree well, and a single street corner lacking curb ramps.  RT 1381:14-21, 1384:13, 1386:22-
1387:18.  Even then, little, if any, testimony was offered or elicited as to the nature and 
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extent of the uneven sidewalks from which the Court could ascertain whether the purported 
defect constitutes an access barrier within the purview of the ADA.16
48. Although Kirola testified that, on occasion, she “had to make a conscious 
effort to take a different route” due to uneven sidewalks or missing curb ramps, RT 1384:8-
10, 1382:8-9, the probative value of such testimony is undermined by the complete lack of 
any facts or details regarding any alternate route that she was required to take.  See Cohen, 
754 F.3d at 697 (“The ADA allowed [the city of] Carlsbad to compel disabled persons to 
travel a ‘marginally longer route’ under some ‘limited circumstances,’ as long as its 
programs were still accessible as a whole.  The mere fact that some city sidewalks did not 
have curb ramps was therefore insufficient to create a triable issue as to whether Carlsbad 
violated Title II.”) (citing Schonfeld v. City of Carlsbad, 978 F. Supp. 1329, 1341 (S.D. 
Cal. 1997)); ADA Title II Technical Assistance Manual, II-5.3000 Curb Ramps 
(“Alternative routes . . . may be acceptable under the concept of program accessibility in 
the limited circumstances where individuals with disabilities need only travel a marginally 
longer route.”); c.f. Frame v. City of Arlington, 657 F.3d 215, 236 (5th Cir. 2011) (noting 
that standing was shown at the pleading stage where “the plaintiffs have alleged in detail
how specific inaccessible sidewalks negatively affect their day-to-day lives by forcing them 
to take longer and more dangerous routes to their destinations.”) (emphasis added).  
49. With regard to the City’s RecPark program, which consists of approximately 
220 parks spanning 4,200 acres of park space and 400 structures (i.e., clubhouses, 
recreation centers, etc.), Kirola complained of accessibility issues at only one park:  Alamo 
Square Park.  RT 2264:13-17, 2302:12-16, 1385:3-16, 1394:2-4.  Kirola testified only that 
the entrance “is steep to use” and that she was unable to enter the children’s play area, 
16 As an ancillary matter, Kirola complains that the City’s historic curb ramp design 
standards in effect from 1994 to 2004 resulted in the design and installation of curb ramps 
that included a half-inch lip in violation of ADA regulations.  Dkt. 662, 13:20-22.  
Although the City’s current curb ramp design standards have since eliminated use of the 
half-inch lip, Kirola apparently takes issue with the fact that not all of the lips have been 
removed.  Nonetheless, no evidence was adduced at trial that Kirola encountered a curb 
ramp having a half-inch lip, let alone experienced any difficulty navigating a half-inch lip 
while using a motorized wheelchair. 
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ostensibly attributable to steep paths.  RT 1385:3-16, 1394:2-4.  The fact that Kirola was 
unable to access one area of the park does not establish an ADA injury.  Indeed, one of her 
experts (Steiner) testified that “even just [access to] a small part of the park would be 
sufficient to provide program access.”  RT 717:10-21.  In any event, Kirola offered no 
specific information regarding measurements, dimensions, or slopes of the paths at Alamo 
Square Park, which she admits is located on a steep hill.  RT 1394:2-3.  Although Kirola is 
not expected or permitted to offer expert testimony regarding whether the entrance and 
paths at Alamo Square Park are ADA-compliant, her testimony is too general to persuade 
the Court that she was denied meaningful access to the park, let alone meaningful access to 
the City’s RecPark program in its entirety. 
50. Equally uncompelling is Kirola’s testimony regarding her experiences at 
Balboa Pool, Garfield Pool and Rossi Pool.  She alleges that Balboa Pool is inaccessible 
due to its steep entrance ramp and inadequate locker rooms, and that Garfield Pool lacks 
sufficient clearance in the locker room and restrooms.  Though Kirola has not used Rossi 
Pool, she was deterred from going there based on the comments of others.  RT 1388:5-6, 
388:7-17, 1386:12-19.  The fact that Kirola may have experienced accessibility issues with 
these three pools is insufficient to demonstrate that she suffered an actual injury resulting 
from the denial of meaningful access to the City’s aquatic program.  None of these three 
pools has been designated as a fully-accessible pool, and the City does not rely on them to 
provide program access.  DTX F16.
17  In contrast, the Court is persuaded that the City’s 
aquatic program, when viewed in its entirety, provides program access.  Kirola’s ability to 
meaningfully access the City’s aquatic program is underscored by the fact that she regularly 
uses Hamilton and MLK Pools, which were previously renovated and designated by the 
City as accessible.  RT 1392:17-1393:23.   
51. Finally, Kirola has not shown an injury in fact resulting from the lack of 
program access to the City’s library program.  The only “barriers” she encountered were 
17 With regard to Sava Pool, Kirola noted that the sidewalk is cracked near the 
facility but that the pool itself is accessible.  RT 1386:22-1387:13 
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the occasionally misplaced step stools at three libraries (the Main Library and the Western 
Addition and Parkside Branch Libraries) which impeded her aisle access.  RT 1386:1-2.
However, the ADA applies to architectural barriers, not temporary or removable 
obstructions.  See Sharp v. Island Restaurant-Carlsbad, 900 F. Supp. 2d 1114, 1126-27 
(S.D. Cal. 2012) (misplaced chairs blocking the path of travel to a restroom were not 
architectural barriers under the ADA); see also Cal. Council of the Blind v. Cnty. of 
Alameda, 985 F. Supp. 2d 1229, 1240 (N.D. Cal. 2013) (noting that 28 C.F.R. § 35.133 
does not prohibit isolated or temporary interruptions in service or access due to 
maintenance or repairs).  Whether a barrier is temporary or removable presents a question 
of fact.  See Cal. Council of the Blind, 985 F. Supp. 2d at 1240 (noting that “the duration 
of, frequency of, and reason for the failure of accessible voting machines to operate 
properly is a question of fact.”). 
52. Based on the record developed at trial, the Court is persuaded that the 
misplaced step stools encountered by Kirola are not architectural barriers.  On a daily basis, 
the City requires its library staff to use a Daily Facility Checklist to inspect for any 
obstructions and to maintain the accessibility of each library facility.  RT 2235:22- 
2237:13, 2252:10-2253:21; DTX A45.  Thus, even if library staff only checked for 
misplaced stools once a day—which Kirola has not shown—such “barrier” would 
temporarily exist for no more than twenty four hours.  Moreover, Kirola testified that she 
did not encounter misplaced stools the majority of times she used these three libraries, RT 
1386:6-12, and there is no evidence that she experienced any inability or difficulty in 
utilizing the services at these particular libraries, or with respect to the City’s library 
program in its entirety.
53. Citing Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports, 870 F. Supp. 2d 995 (E.D. Cal. 2012) 
(“Chapman II”), Kirola argues that misplaced stools, in fact, may qualify as an accessibility 
barrier under the ADA.  In Chapman II, the plaintiff brought an action against a retail store 
known as Pier 1 Imports (“Pier 1”), claiming, inter alia, that the store aisles were blocked 
by merchandise, which, in turn, impeded his access in violation of Title III of the ADA.  In 
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its summary judgment motion, Pier 1 argued that the obstructions were “only temporary,” 
and that regulations promulgated under the Title III of ADA do not impose liability for 
“isolated or temporary” interruptions to accessibility.  Id. (citing 28 C.F.R. § 36.211(b)).
18
In addressing this argument, the court explained that a “temporary” maintenance barrier is 
“an object that is unavoidably placed in the aisle, but with the intention of removing it as 
soon as possible.”  Id.  The court denied defendant’s motion for summary judgment, 
finding that there was a factual dispute regarding whether the blockages were isolated or 
temporary, and that the plaintiff had presented evidence that the barriers were recurring and 
prevented him from accessing store merchandise.  Id. at 1009.    
54. Kirola argues that, like the merchandise in Chapman II, the stools are not 
merely “temporary” barriers because library staff only conduct a full inspection of facilities 
once per day, and therefore, the stools are not removed “as soon as possible.”  Chapman II 
is distinguishable.  Whereas the merchandise in the Pier 1 store aisles was intentionally 
placed there by store employees, there is no evidence that the step stools were placed in the 
stacks as a routine matter by library staff.  To the contrary, the limited testimony presented 
by Kirola on this issue suggests that the stools were placed in the aisle by other library 
patrons.  In addition, unlike the plaintiff in Chapman II¸ Kirola has made no showing that 
the occasional misplaced stools interfered with her ability to access library services at a 
particular library, let alone precluded her access to the City’s network of libraries in its 
entirety.  28 C.F.R. § 35.150(a). 
55. In sum, the Court finds that Kirola has failed to show, by a preponderance of 
the evidence, that she has constitutional standing to bring any of the claims alleged in her 
FAC.  Accordingly, she lacks standing to pursue this action individually or on behalf of the 
class she was appointed to represent. 
18 Section 36.211 is the Title III analogue to 28 C.F.R. § 35.133, which applies in 
Title II cases. 
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2. Redressability
56. Even if Kirola had suffered an actual ADA injury, she has not shown 
redressability, as required under Lujan.  In order to demonstrate redressability, a plaintiff 
must show that plaintiff “personally would benefit in a tangible way from the court’s 
intervention.”  Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 103 n.5 (1998) (citing 
Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 508 (1975)).  Furthermore, any “remedy must of course be 
limited to the inadequacy that produced the injury in fact that the plaintiff has established.”
Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 357 (1996). 
57. Kirola seeks a broad permanent injunction relating to virtually every aspect of 
the City’s operation and management of its facilities, programs and services.  Dkt. 635.  
However, the nexus between Kirola’s injury and the relief sought is lacking.   
58. With regard to curb ramps, Kirola seeks an injunction requiring the City to, 
within ten years of judgment, construct an accessible curb ramp at every existing or 
potential curb ramp location, except for those locations where the City is able to document 
that a curb ramp is not required.  Dkt. 632, 2:24-3:10.
19  But curb ramp saturation—which
is not required under the ADA—is already part of the Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition 
Plan.  Although the City’s curb ramp transition plan does not contain a specific deadline for 
completion, the City anticipates achieving curb ramp saturation within approximately 
twelve years.  Dkt. 657, 4:12-13.  There is no evidence that the marginally expedited 
deadline (ten vs. twelve years) proposed by Kirola would redress any supposed injury she 
suffered due to missing curb ramps.  In fact, Kirola’s sole curb ramp request (for the corner 
of McAllister and Fillmore) was fulfilled in less than two years and would not have been 
constructed any sooner under her proposed injunction.  RT 1383:19-1884:8, 1391:18-
19 Kirola asserts that she selected the ten-year time frame to allow the City to plan 
barrier removal in harmony with its existing ten-year capital planning process.  Dkt. 672, 
14:28-15:3.  Trial testimony shows, however, that the City’s ten-year capital plan is a mere 
planning tool, not a set schedule or budget, and that the City prepares a new ten-year plan 
each year.  RT 1511:4-14, 1534:19-25. 
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1392:2.  As such, Kirola’s proposed remedy would not have resulted in a more expeditious 
response to her request.20
59. Redressability also is absent with respect to Kirola’s accessibility complaints 
pertaining to the City’s sidewalks.  Kirola proposes an injunction requiring the City to 
inspect and repair all sidewalk-related barriers along its 2,000 miles of sidewalk in 10 
years, and thereafter implement a 15-year inspection cycle—rather than the current 25-year 
cycle under SIRP (the City’s current sidewalk inspection plan).  Dkt. 635, 5:1-5.  She also 
insists that, within ninety days of judgment, the City identify alternative, accessible routes 
wherever the City contends that removal of a sidewalk barrier is unnecessary for program 
access.  Dkt. 635, 4:6-27.   
60. Underlying Kirola’s proposal for a shorter inspection cycle is her failure to 
recognize that SIRP operates in tandem with ASAP (i.e., Accelerated Sidewalk Abatement 
Program).  Whereas the SIRP is a “proactive” program in which the City seeks out 
sidewalks in need of repair, the ASAP is a “reactive” program in which the City repairs 
sidewalks in response to public complaints.  RT 2453:18-2454:12.  Accessibility 
complaints regarding sidewalks are given high priority and responded to immediately, and 
are typically resolved in ninety days.  RT 2454:1-12.  Here, Kirola never complained to the 
City about the three stretches of sidewalk she testified about.  Had she done so, the trial 
record establishes that her complaints would likely have been addressed within a matter of 
months.  The Court is thus unpersuaded that the remedy of requiring the repair of all 
sidewalks within ten years is necessary or would redress the harm allegedly caused by the 
three sidewalks about which Kirola testified. 
20 Kirola also complains that the City’s Paving Guidelines inappropriately allow the 
City to defer curb ramp installation in connection with a street paving project for up to 
twenty-four months when a pre-planned project would require demolition of a newly 
constructed curb ramp.  DTX N23 [000003].  She proposes an injunction eliminating this 
deferment.  Dkt. 635, 5:5-20.  However, Kirola acknowledges that, despite having lived in 
San Francisco for almost twenty years, she has “not yet encountered an inaccessible corner 
or curb ramp” as a result of the Paving Guidelines or shown that she is likely to do so in the 
future.  Dkt. 672, 18:17-18.  Further, no evidence was presented at trial showing that the 
City has actually deferred installation of a curb ramp under this policy.
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61. With regard to the City’s RecPark facilities and pools, Kirola seeks an 
injunction directing the City to:  (1) conduct a survey of every pool, park and recreational 
facility in the City within nine months of judgment, identifying every facility containing a 
barrier under ADAAG; (2) prepare a program access plan within eighteen months; and 
(3) remove all barriers necessary to ensure program access in ten years.  Dkt. 632, 7:12-28.  
Kirola has not established how this proposed remedy would redress any alleged injury.   
62. Kirola complained about barriers at Balboa Pool, Garfield Pool and Rossi 
Pool.  The law is clear that the City has no obligation under Title II of the ADA to ensure 
that each facility through which it offers its aquatics program is fully accessible.
Nevertheless, at the time of trial, the City had already embarked on a barrier removal 
project at Garfield Pool, RT 1813:13-1814:4, and Rossi Pool and Balboa Pool have since 
been scheduled for barrier removal, Dkt. 658-1.  As such, Kirola would not personally 
benefit in a tangible way from the Court’s intervention, since the few barriers she 
encountered are already being addressed by the City on a more expeditious schedule as 
compared to her proposed remedy. 
63. The same lack of redressability is evident in terms of Kirola’s experience 
using City parks.  The only park at which Kirola claimed to have encountered accessibility 
barriers was Alamo Square Park.  RT 1385:5-15.  Even if Kirola’s vague testimony was 
sufficient to demonstrate that she was denied meaningful access to Alamo Square Park—
which it is not—no showing has been made that her proposed remedy would correct those 
purported defects.  In addition, a survey of Alamo Square Park to ascertain its compliance 
with ADAAG would not benefit Kirola because ADAAG’s dimensional requirements do 
not apply to outdoor recreational facilities or open spaces.  RT 2048:9-15; 2064:21-25. 
64. Finally, with regard to the City’s libraries, Kirola seeks an injunction 
requiring the City to:  (1) complete work on both the Bayview Branch Library and the 
North Beach Branch Library within 2 years; and (2) rectify all alleged barriers identified by 
Kirola’s experts within 120 days.  Dkt. 632, 8:27-9:3.  However, Kirola presented no 
evidence that she encountered any accessibility barriers at either of these libraries, or that 
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she has ever attempted, let alone desires, to use either facility.  Nor does her proposed 
injunction bear any relation to the injury she allegedly sustained as a result of having 
encountered misplaced step stools at three other libraries.  As for the second aspect of the 
proposed remedy, i.e., to rectify barriers identified by her experts, none of them cited the 
presence of step stools in library aisles.  As such, Kirola’s proposed remedy regarding the 
library system would not address her alleged injury, i.e., encountering stools in the stacks at 
three other libraries.
65. The Court concludes that Kirola has failed to satisfy her burden of 
demonstrating that any of her injuries resulting from the alleged denial of meaningful 
access will be remedied by the relief she seeks in this action.  Sprint Commc’n Co., 554 
U.S. at 274-75.  Thus, independent of her failure to demonstrate that she suffered an injury 
in fact, Kirola lacks standing based on her failure to prove redressability. 
3. Likelihood of Recurrence 
66. Even if Kirola had satisfied the Lujan test for constitutional standing, she has 
failed to meet the further requirement applicable in cases where prospective injunctive 
relief is being sought; that is, that injury is likely to recur.  “Likelihood of recurrence is 
established when the plaintiff shows that ‘the defendant had, at the time of the injury, a 
written policy, and that the injury ‘stems from’ that policy.’”  Taylor v. Westly, 488 F.3d 
1197, 1199 (9th Cir. 2007) (emphasis added, citation omitted). 
67. There must be “a very significant possibility” that future harm will ensue.
Nelsen v. King Cnty., 895 F.2d 1248, 1250 (9th Cir. 1990).  In the absence of an immediate 
threat, federal courts must exercise restraint in interfering with government operations.  
Midgett v. Tri-Cnty. Metro. Transp. Dist. of Or., 254 F.3d 846, 850 (9th Cir. 2001) (“This 
‘well-established rule’ bars federal courts from interfering with non-federal government 
operations in the absence of facts showing an immediate threat of substantial injury.” 
(quoting Hodgers-Durgin v. De La Vina, 199 F.3d 1037, 1042-43 (9th Cir. 1999)). 
68. Here, Kirola contends that her injuries are likely to recur because they arise 
from eleven City policies which allegedly violate the ADA. Dkt. 662, 13:15-11.  Thus, to 
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show a likelihood of recurrence, Kirola must demonstrate an injury that “stems from” each 
policy.  See Taylor, 488 F.3d at 1199.  Each policy is discussed below. 
a) Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan 
70. The Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan affirms the City’s previously 
existing policy of achieving curb ramp saturation; that is, the practice of installing a curb 
ramp at every pedestrian crossing in the City.  DTX G18.  According to Kirola, the City’s 
transition plan “does not comply with the three-year implementation period and the January 
26, 1995 deadline established by Title II of the ADA (28 C.F.R. § 35.150(c)) for the 
completion of any barrier removal necessary for program access.” Dkt. 662, 13:15-18. 
71. Kirola has failed to demonstrate that she suffered any injury that stems from 
the Curb Ramp and Sidewalk Transition Plan.  Program access does not require curb ramp 
saturation.  See Cohen, 754 F.3d at 696 (holding that Title II regulations do “not require the 
City to build curb ramps at every corner during its transition to compliance with the 
ADA.”).  As such, the fact that Kirola encountered a missing curb ramp at one corner and 
bi-directional curb ramps at another is not attributable to any deficiency in the Curb Ramp 
and Sidewalk Transition Plan, which actually provides more access than is required by Title 
II.  In addition, the evidence presented at trial shows that Kirola routinely and 
independently travels across the City, using the City’s public right-of-way, public 
transportation systems, and paratransit service, which undermines her claim that she has 
been injured by the denial of program access resulting from the occasional missing curb 
ramp.  RT 1380:12-22, 1392:17-23, 1393:12-23; see also Findings of Fact ¶ 142.   
b) Historic Curb Ramp Design Standards 
72. Next, Kirola complains that the City’s historic curb ramp design standards in 
effect from 1994 to 2004 resulted in the design and installation of curb ramps that included 
a half-inch lip in violation of ADA regulations.  Dkt. 662, 13:20-22.  However, no evidence 
was presented at trial demonstrating that Kirola encountered a curb ramp with a half-inch 
lip.  Accordingly, she cannot legitimately claim that she suffered an injury that stems from 
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under the City’s current curb ramp design standards.  DTX H04; RT 1981:9-1985:6, 
1986:23-1991:24.   
c) Sidewalk Inspection Repair Plan 
73. Kirola next complains that the SIRP “only inspects and repairs access barriers 
on a 25 year cycle, and . . . fails to comply with the January 26, 1995 deadline for program 
access.”  Dkt. 662, 13:18-20. That argument ignores that SIRP operates in tandem with 
ASAP, a program which ensures that accessibility complaints regarding sidewalks are 
addressed and rectified, typically within ninety days.  Given that there are 2,000 miles of 
sidewalks in the City, it is inevitable that Kirola will occasionally experience challenges 
resulting from cracked or uneven pavement.  The fact that defects can and do arise—
attributable, for example, to expanding tree roots or occasional ground movement—does 
not ipso facto demonstrate that there is a defect in any written policy that caused injury to 
Kirola.
d) Paving Guidelines 
74. The City’s Paving Guidelines permit the City to defer curb ramp installation 
for a period of up to twenty-four months in cases where there is a pre-planned project that 
would require demolition of the newly constructed curb ramp.  DTX N23.  While 
acknowledging that she has not been negatively impacted by this policy, Kirola nonetheless 
contends that she faces a “real threat of injury” given her daily use of sidewalks throughout 
the City.  Id. at 19:1-8.  However, no evidence was presented at trial showing that the City 
has actually deferred installation of a curb ramp under the Paving Guidelines.  The mere 
possibility that the City will delay construction of a curb ramp and that Kirola may be 
injured as a result is simply “‘too speculative to support standing.’”  Ervine v. Desert View 
Reg’l Med. Ctr. Holdings, LLC, 753 F.3d 862, 868 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Friends of the 
Earth, 528 U.S. at 190).  As the Ninth Circuit has explained, a plaintiff “cannot 
manufacture standing through bald assertion, contradicted by the record.”  Id. (finding that 
the plaintiff had not shown a real or immediate threat of future injury in regard to the 
claims asserted).  The Court thus finds that Kirola has not established that there is a 
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substantial probability that she will be harmed in the future as a result of the City’s Paving 
Guidelines.
e) UPhAS
76. Kirola complains that the City’s facilities transition plan, i.e., UPhAS, fails to 
require the removal of barriers that deny program access until the particular facility is 
scheduled for renovation.  Dkt. 662, 13:27-14:4.  Yet, no evidence has been presented that 
Kirola has been deprived of meaningful access to any program, service or activity because 
of the lack of access improvements at an existing facility.  Though Kirola complained of 
purported barriers at a few libraries and pools, there is no evidence that she was denied 
meaningful access to other facilities within San Francisco or the City’s programs and 
services in their entirety. Moreover, every library Kirola uses regularly was completely 
renovated prior to trial, and the three pools about which she complained have since been 
renovated or are scheduled for renovation. The Court thus finds that Kirola’s has not 
shown that she suffered any injury that stems from UPhAS.
f) The RecPark Website  
77. Kirola challenges “the City’s policy as stated on its [RecPark] website that an 
‘accessible’ park need only provide an ‘accessible entrance’ and ‘at least one recreational 
opportunity[.]’”  Dkt. 662, 13:4-27.  Kirola asserts that the RecPark website’s definition of 
“accessible” constitutes a City policy “of general application” relating to program access 
and argues that the policy is discriminatory because it does not require the City to provide 
mobility disabled individuals with meaningful and equal access to recreation opportunities.
Dkt. 672, 16:6-12.
78. The flaw in Kirola’s claim is that it fundamentally mischaracterizes the nature 
of the information provided on the RecPark website.  Despite Kirola’s claim to the 
contrary, the website does not purport to articulate a general policy of what the City 
considers to qualify as program access.  Rather, the information is posted on the website 
simply to provide the public with information about sites they may wish to visit, and the 
website invites further inquiry for more detailed information.  PTX 3875 [075767].  
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79. Even if the website defined the meaning of “accessible” as a matter of general 
policy, Kirola has failed to establish that she suffered any injury as a result of the policy.
Of the City’s 220 parks, Kirola complained only that the accessible entrance at Alamo 
Square Park was steep—not that it was inaccessible.  RT 1385:5-8.  Perhaps more 
fundamentally, Kirola cannot legitimately allege that she suffered any harm stemming from 
a website which she never used. 
g) New Construction and Alterations 
80. Kirola contends that “the City’s policies and procedures regarding new 
construction and alterations . . . do not require a close-out inspection for compliance with 
federal disability access design standards or specific sign-off from the relevant City official 
that a project is in full compliance with those standards as built.”  Dkt. 662, 9:3-10.
81. At trial, Kirola offered no testimony regarding any architectural barriers at 
any newly-constructed or renovated library, swimming pool or other RecPark facility.  In 
the absence of such evidence, Kirola cannot show that she suffered an injury in fact or that 
such injury stems from any City policy governing new construction and alterations.  
h) Maintenance Policies 
82. Kirola complains that the City’s maintenance policies and procedures “do not 
set specific and prompt deadlines for the identification and repair of items that are broken, 
non-operational, or in need of repair.”  Dkt. 662, 14:9-11.
83. Under 28 C.F.R. § 35.133, public entities “shall maintain in operable working 
condition those features of facilities and equipment that are required to be readily 
accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities[.]”  28 C.F.R. § 35.133(a).  The 
section, however, “does not prohibit isolated or temporary interruptions in service or access 
due to maintenance or repairs.”  28 C.F.R. § 35.133(b); see also U.S. Dep’t of Justice 
Technical Assistance Manual, II-3.10000 Maintenance of Accessible Features (“Where a 
public entity must provide an accessible route, the route must remain accessible and not 
blocked by obstacles such as furniture, filing cabinets, or potted plants.  An isolated 
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instance of placement of an object on an accessible route, however, would not be a 
violation, if the object is promptly removed.”). 
84. At trial, Kirola failed to identify a single barrier that she encountered as a 
result of something being “broken, non-operational, or in need of repair,” much less an 
ADA barrier that existed because of any maintenance policy.  Dkt. 662, 14:9-11.  The 
errant stools Kirola encountered on occasion at three libraries have not been shown to be 
broken, non-operational or in need of repair, nor did they render the particular library—or 
the library system in general—inaccessible. She also failed to identify any maintenance 
issue as to any RecPark facility.
21  Accordingly, the Court finds that because Kirola has not 
shown that she suffered any injury stemming from the City’s maintenance policies, she 
cannot show any injury resulting from those policies.
i) Grievance Procedures 
85. Kirola alleges that the City’s ADA grievance procedures violate Title II’s 
program access requirements on the ground that the City’s “written complaint policies and 
forms make no requirement that disability access barriers be removed within any particular 
time period, but instead permit the City to take up to two years to remove barriers[.]”  Dkt. 
662, 14:4-6; Dkt. 672, 25:6-9.   
86. Kirola lacks standing to challenge the City’s grievance procedure.
22  At trial, 
Kirola testified to having made a single request for the removal of an access barrier; 
namely, her July 2006 request that the City install curb ramps at the corner of Hayes and 
Fillmore.  RT 1383:19-1384:8, 1391:18-1392:2.  The requested curb ramps were installed 
in April 2008, less than two years after the requests were made.  RT 1384:7-8.  There also 
is no evidence in the trial record that Kirola was unable to traverse the intersection or that 
she was compelled to take a substantially longer alternative route.  To the extent that Kirola 
21 The uneven sidewalk surfaces identified by Kirola could be considered a 
maintenance issue, and are addressed in the section discussing the SIRP and ASAP. 
22 As will be discussed below, even if Kirola had standing, there is no private right 
of action to challenge an ADA grievance procedure. 
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is complaining about the length of time it took for the City to install the curb ramps, she has 
presented no evidence to substantiate any injury resulting from such delay or that such 
delay is attributable to an ineffective grievance procedure.   
j) Safety Hazards Policy 
87. Kirola complains that the City has failed to adopt an overarching “written 
policy or procedure regarding the identification and removal of safety hazards to persons 
with mobility disabilities.”  Dkt. 662, 14:15-17.   
88. At trial, Kirola failed to offer any testimony demonstrating that she 
encountered any “safety hazards” at any library or RecPark facility.  Though Kirola 
complained of steep paths at Alamo Square Park, the probative value of such testimony is 
undermined by the lack of any objective data (such as actual measurements of those paths) 
to quantify her claim.  Additionally, there is no evidence that those conditions denied her 
program access.
89. The Court is likewise unpersuaded by Kirola’s testimony regarding her one-
time experience in which her wheelchair was caught in an exposed tree well.  The record 
presented at trial shows that, in fact, there was an unobstructed 48-inch-wide accessible 
path of travel around the tree well.  RT 1383:3-12, 431:3-10; PTX 4140Y.  The Court 
therefore finds that Kirola has failed to establish any actual and concrete injury in fact in 
regard to the City’s policies related to removal of safety hazards.  See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 
560-61.   
k) Self-Evaluation/Transition Plan 
90. Kirola asserts that the City has not adopted or implemented a self-evaluation 
or transition plan in violation of California Government Code § 11135.  Dkt. 662, 14:13-25.   
91. Section 11135 provides, in pertinent part, that:
No person in the State of California shall, on the basis of . . . 
disability, be unlawfully denied full and equal access to the 
benefits of, or be unlawfully subjected to discrimination under, 
any program or activity that is conducted, operated, or 
administered by the state or by any state agency, is funded 
directly by the state, or receives any financial assistance from 
the state. 
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Cal. Gov. Code § 11135(a). Regulations promulgated to implement Section 11135 insofar 
as discrimination based on physical or mental disabilities is concerned, state that a 
transition and self-evaluation plan “should be required” by the “responsible State agency.”
Cal. Code Regs., tit. 22, §§ 98251(a), 98258.
92. The City argues that Kirola lacks standing to challenge any alleged non-
compliance with California Government Code § 11135 or its regulations based on her 
failure to demonstrate that she (1) was deprived program access to any state-funded 
program or activity or (2) encountered any access barriers to a state-funded program or 
activity because of the alleged absence of a self-evaluation or transition plan.  Dkt. 666, 
20:20-24.  The Court agrees.  At best, Kirola has presented only bare and conclusory 
allegations of injury resulting from the City’s failure to develop and implement a self-
evaluation or transition plan.  Moreover, there is no evidence that each of the specific 
programs to which she was allegedly denied access is state-funded or otherwise receives 
financial assistance from the state.  See Cal. Gov’t Code § 11135.  As such, Kirola has not 
shown that she suffered any injury that stems from the City’s alleged failure to comply with 
Section 11135 or its regulations.
l) Conclusion
93. Kirola has failed to establish that she sustained any injury which stems from 
any written policy.  A fortiori, she has not shown a likelihood of recurrence, which is 
necessary for standing where prospective, injunctive relief is sought.  Taylor, 488 F.3d at 
1199.  Thus, separate and apart from the Lujan requirements for Article III standing, the 
Court finds that Kirola lacks standing to seek the relief she seeks in this action. 
4. Substitution of Class Representative 
94. Kirola argues that any deficiencies in her standing as a class representative 
can be rectified by allowing class members who testified at trial to be substituted in her 
stead.  Dkt. 662, 15:4-16:12.  As support, Kirola cites several cases where courts permitted 
such a substitution where the class representative’s claims became moot.  E.g., United 
States Parole Comm’n v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388, 415 n.8 (1980) (“If the named plaintiff’s 
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own claim becomes moot after certification, the court can re-examine his ability to 
represent the interests of class members.  Should it be found wanting, the court may seek a 
substitute representative or even decertify the class.”); Wade v. Kirkland, 118 F.3d 667, 
669 (9th Cir. 1977) (“We reverse and remand for a ruling on the outstanding class 
certification motion, including a determination [of] whether Wade may remain as the class 
representative despite the mootness of his individual claim or whether putative class 
members with live claims should be allowed to intervene.”).   
95. The issue here is not mootness, however, but the lack of standing.  As a 
result, substitution is not an appropriate solution to Kirola’s lack of standing.  See Lierboe 
v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 350 F.3d 1018, 1022 (9th Cir. 2003) (finding that the 
class representative’s lack of standing could not be cured by substituting in another class 
member as the named party, vacating the class certification, and remanding the case to the 
district court with instructions to dismiss).  “[I]f a case has only one class representative 
and that party does not have standing, then the court lacks jurisdiction over the case and it 
must be dismissed; if the case only had this one class representative from the outset, then 
there is no opportunity for a substitute class representative to take the named plaintiff’s 
place because this means that the court never had jurisdiction over the matter.”  Newberg 
on Class Actions § 2:8 (5th ed. 2013).  
96. In view of the above, the Court concludes that Kirola cannot rectify her lack 
of standing by substituting additional class members as class representatives.  In addition, 
permitting a substitution at this late stage of the proceeding would be prejudicial to the City 
and otherwise futile for the reasons discussed below.
D. F
INDINGS ON THE MERITS
97. The City contends, in the alternative, that even if Kirola had satisfied her 
burden of demonstrating Article III standing, she would not prevail on the merits.  The 
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Court agrees, and finds that Kirola has failed to establish that she is entitled to relief on any 
of the claims alleged in the FAC.23
98. Plaintiff bears the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that 
the City has violated the ADA.  See In re Exxon Valdez, 270 F.3d 1215, 1232 (9th Cir. 
2001) (“The standard of proof generally applied in federal civil cases is preponderance of 
evidence.”).
99. The City’s programs and services at issue consist of its public-right-of-way 
system along with its library, aquatic and RecPark programs.  See, e.g., Cohen, 754 F.3d at 
695.  The Court therefore considers whether Kirola has shown that each of these services or 
programs is inaccessible in its entirety.  In addition, the Court considers her challenges to 
certain of the City’s policies and procedures, where pertinent. 
1. Program Access 
100. “Under Title II of the ADA, the standard for compliance is ‘program access,’ 
that is, when viewed in its entirety, the city’s [programs, services and activities] must be 
‘readily accessible to and useable by individuals with disabilities.’”  Carter v. City of Los 
Angeles, 224 Cal. App. 4th 808, 821 (2014) (citing 28 C.F.R. § 35.159(a), 45 C.F.R. 
§ 84.22(a), and Cal. Gov. Code § 11135(b)).  ADA regulations authorize a public entity to 
enlist a number of alternative methods to satisfy its program access obligations:
A public entity may comply with the requirements of this 
section through such means as redesign of equipment, 
reassignment of services to accessible buildings, assignment of 
aides to beneficiaries, home visits, delivery of services at 
alternate accessible sites, alteration of existing facilities and 
construction of new facilities, use of accessible rolling stock or 
other conveyances, or any other methods that result in making 
23 Kirola claims that she was not able to address the merit-based arguments in the 
City’s Motion for Judgment given the applicable page limitations.  Dkt. 672, 2:1-2.  The 
Court, however, did not impose page limitations beyond those proscribed by Civil Local 
Rule 7-2(b) and, in fact, specifically invited the parties to file a request for enlarged page 
limitations via either a joint stipulation or an individual motion.  Dkt. 663, 8:5-9.  It is also 
noteworthy that both parties have submitted substantial post-trial briefing addressing the 
merits of this case, which the Court has considered in drafting this Order.  E.g., Dkt. 614, 
616, 617, 618, 632, 634, 635, 636, 646, 662, 666, 672, 675, 681, 683.  Therefore, the Court 
finds no merit to Kirola’s contention that she lacked an adequate opportunity to address the 
issues in this case. 
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its services, programs, or activities readily accessible to and 
usable by individuals with disabilities. A public entity is not 
required to make structural changes in existing facilities 
where other methods are effective in achieving compliance
with this section.
Id. § 35.150(b)(1) (emphasis supplied).  Program access does not require that each 
particular facility through which a program is offered be fully accessible.  See Daubert, 760 
F.3d at 987.  Rather, the Court must construe the particular program or service “in its 
entirety” to determine whether it is accessible.  Id. 
a) Public Right-of-Way 
101. Based on the record presented at trial, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed 
to establish a lack of program access with regard to the City’s public right-of-way, i.e., its 
system of sidewalks, curb ramps and crosswalks.
102. As an initial matter, Kirola offered no evidence or testimony regarding any 
accessibility issues with the City’s crosswalks.  She did, however, identify three sidewalks 
which she claims were problematic due to cracks or bumps in the concrete, one instance 
where her wheelchair became stuck in a tree well (the area around the base of the tree), and 
one corner lacking curb ramps.  As discussed above, however, the Court finds that Kirola’s 
minimal testimony regarding accessibility issues with the City’s right-of-way in its entirety, 
coupled with her vague testimony, is insufficient to demonstrate that she was denied 
meaningful access to the City’s right-of-way or that the barriers she encountered violated 
either federal or state accessibility laws.  
103. The testimony of class members and Plaintiff’s experts fares no better.  Like 
Kirola, various class members and mothers of class members testified to having 
encountered cracked pavement, potholes, uneven sidewalks, and missing or difficult-to-use 
curb ramps.  RT 541:9-543:21, 1002:11-22, 1031:20-1033:17, 1232:10-1233:4.  The 
probative value of such testimony is undermined by the non-specific, generalized nature of 
the testimony offered.  
104. Kimbrough, the mother of a minor class member, claimed that street corners 
lacking curb ramps were prevalent in her neighborhood.  823:16-829:22.  When asked by 
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Class Counsel which locations she encountered problems, Kimbrough answered, “All of 
them really,” RT 823:19-20, and later adding that, “They are quite prevalent,” RT 825:9-11.
Yet, the only specific example discussed was the intersection at Paris Street and Avalon 
Avenue.  RT 826:8-24, 829:1-2.  Upon cross-examination, Kimbrough conceded that some 
of the street corners at this intersection, in fact, had curb ramps, and she had difficulty 
ascertaining which corners did and which ones did not.  RT 824:13-825:11, 844:11-847:4.
105. Similarly, Grant had difficulty providing specific locations near the 
Embarcadero BART station where he encountered problems.  RT 878:16-888:13.  O’Neil 
complained about “many bad curb ramps,” yet provided few specifics.  RT 541:9-543:21.  
Cherry complained about cracked and uneven sidewalks in her neighborhood, but did not 
specify where she experienced these problems.  RT 1031:20-1033:17.   
106. Notably, none of the problem areas cited by class members or their parents 
were confirmed by Plaintiff’s experts as failing to comply with federal or state access laws.
Although Kirola’s experts identified alleged access issues at other locations, the Court 
finds their opinions unpersuasive for the reasons set forth above.  See Findings of Fact 
¶¶ 180-196.  The above notwithstanding, the fact that Kirola and some class members may 
have experienced difficulty accessing the City’s public-right-of-way, while understandably 
frustrating, does not prove that the City has failed provide program access as required by 
the ADA.
107. Based on the record presented at trial, the Court is satisfied that the City’s 
public right of way system, when viewed in its entirety, affords program access to mobility-
impaired individuals.  The lack of curb ramps at some street corners does not amount to a 
lack of program access.  See Bird, 303 F.3d at 1021 (“Compliance under the [ADA and 
Rehabilitation Act] does not depend on the number of locations that are wheelchair-
accessible; the central inquiry is whether the program, ‘when viewed in its entirety, is 
readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities.’”) (citations omitted).
Indeed, Title II of the ADA does not require the installation of curb ramps at each and 
every street corner.  See Cohen, 754 F.3d at 696; accord Carter, 224 Cal. App. 4th at 821; 
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see also ADA Title II Technical Assistance Manual, II-5.3000 Curb Ramps (“To promote 
both efficiency and accessibility, public entities may choose to construct curb ramps at 
every point where a pedestrian walkway intersects a curb.  However, public entities are not 
necessarily required to construct a curb ramp at every such intersection.”).  Despite this, the 
City endeavors to achieve curb ramp saturation; that is, a curb ramp at every corner.  To 
that end, the City installs approximately 1,200 new curb ramps each year.  RT 2785:17-
2787:13, 2789:3-2790:18; PTX 0022 [003798].  Consistent with DOJ guidelines, the City 
prioritizes installation of these curb ramps by taking into account citizen requests and 
whether the proposed ramps are in high utilization areas, including governmental offices, 
public facilities, public transportation, public accommodations, and commercial districts.
RT 1441:11-1442:15, 1617:2-1619:13, 1956:6-1958:16, 2416:19-22; PTX 0022; DTX G18; 
see also 28 C.F.R. § 35.150(d)(2) (providing that public entities should give “priority to 
walkways serving entities covered by the Act, including State and local government offices 
and facilities, transportation, places of public accommodation, and employers, followed by 
walkways serving other areas”).
108. Moreover, the City’s curb ramp design standards in effect since 2004 require 
bi-directional curb ramps and the use of smooth transitions.  Each curb ramp is uniquely 
designed for its designated location, and each design is cross-checked for ADA compliance 
pursuant to the Quality Assurance Checklist. The City utilizes a curb ramp grading system, 
paving guidelines, an inspection program and a priority matrix (part of the Curb Ramp and 
Sidewalk Transition Plan) to ensure that sidewalks remain accessible and curb ramps are 
installed and/or repaired where they are needed the most.  Critical data regarding the City’s 
progress is stored in the CRIS database, from which the City is able to ascertain where curb 
ramps are to be installed.  The transition plan sets a timeframe for completing curb ramp 
saturation and identifies funding sources.  These measures support the conclusion that the 
City is in compliance with its Title II obligations.  E.g., Schonfeld, 978 F. Supp. at 1341 
(finding that where a city “has constructed curb ramps where necessary to provide access 
along highly-trafficked routes, has allocated funding and established a schedule for future 
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curb ramp construction, and is addressing the particular intersections identified by plaintiffs 
as well as other intersections in accordance with ADA priorities,” it is in compliance with 
its Title II obligations).
24
109. In passing, Kirola attempts to make much of Hecker’s 2009 expert report in 
which he found that the City had not yet installed every curb ramp necessary for program 
access.  Dkt. 604, 6:20-22; see also RT 2795:19-2796:2.  The trial record, however, does 
not establish the basis for his opinion or whether the opinion was still valid based on the 
conditions existing at the time of trial.  In view of the evidence presented at trial showing 
the City’s continuing progress toward program access, the Court finds that Hecker’s 2009 
program access conclusions, without more, fail to satisfy Kirola’s burden of demonstrating
that the City failed to provide program access to its public right-of-way.   
110. With regard to sidewalks, Kirola’s complaints present an issue of 
maintenance, as opposed to construction.  In particular, she complains that the City only 
proactively inspects its 2,000 miles of sidewalks on a 25-year cycle, which she claims is too 
long.  This contention lacks merit.  The City inspects approximately 200 blocks per year, 
with the areas of the greatest pedestrian traffic given the highest priority.  RT 2453:6-17.  In 
view of the City’s financial and staffing constraints, the Court finds nothing objectively 
unreasonable with this approach.  It is also important to note that the City’s inspection 
policy operates in conjunction with the SIRP, which as discussed more fully above, ensures 
that complaints regarding sidewalk accessibility are given high priority and remediated, 
whenever possible, within ninety days.  RT 2454:13-2455:22.  The City’s proactive and 
reactive approach to ensuring sidewalk accessibility is reasonable, appropriate and supports 
a finding that the City affords program access to its sidewalks.  See Schonfeld, 978 F. Supp. 
at 1341. 
24 As indicated above, the City installed curb ramps at all the locations identified in 
the pleadings, RT 1392:3-16, effectively rendering Plaintiff’s complaints regarding the curb 
ramps moot.  See Oliver v. Ralphs Grocery Co., 654 F.3d 903, 905 (9th Cir. 2011) (“a 
defendant’s voluntary removal of alleged barriers prior to trial can have the effect of 
mooting a plaintiff's ADA claim.”).
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111. Program access to the City’s public right-of-way also is enhanced by 
paratransit services and public transportation.  RT 1636:4-12.  The City operates and 
subsidizes a paratransit system that offers van and taxi service for persons with disabilities 
who are unable to use public transportation.  RT 1634:18-1635:1, 1635:21-1636:3.  Kirola 
testified that she regularly uses public transportation and paratransit, sometimes up to five 
or six times per week.  RT 1391:9-17.  However, she argues that paratransit is not an 
effective substitute because not all mobility-impaired persons are able to use its services, 
and it is not always reliable.  Dkt. 618, 13:1-5.  But the City does not rely exclusively on 
paratransit or its public transportation system to provide access for mobility-impaired 
persons.  Those services are simply additional means utilized by the City to enhance access 
for mobility-impaired and other disabled persons.  See 28 C.F.R. § 35.150 (b)(1).  That the 
system may not operate perfectly at all times does not show that the City has failed to 
provide program access to its public-right-of-way system. 
112. Kirola also complains that the City has failed to establish a definition of 
“program access” with respect to the public right-of-way, and that the City has failed to 
show that each allegedly non-complaint curb ramp identified at trial is the result of site 
constraints.  Dkt. 604, 9:22-23; Dkt. 618, 5:7-10.  The flaw in this argument is that it 
impermissibly attempts to shift the burden to the City, when the burden rests with Kirola.
See Pierce, 526 F.3d at 1217; see also McGary v. City of Portland, 386 F.3d 1259, 1265 
(9th Cir. 2004) (noting the elements necessary to state a claim of disability discrimination 
under Title II).
113. In sum, the Court finds no merit to Kirola’s claim that she or any class 
member has been deprived of program access to the City’s public right-of-way. 
b) Library Program 
114. The City’s library program is presented through its network of libraries, 
which consists of a Main Library and twenty-seven branch libraries. RT 2222:13-15.  At 
the time of trial, the City’s Main Library and seventeen branch libraries had been made 
fully accessible, pursuant to the BLIP (Branch Library Improvement Program).
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Renovations of the three remaining libraries will be completed by 2014.  RT 2227:7-21; 
2132:23-2135:19; 1797:5-19.  The three branch libraries that were not renovated under the 
BLIP program had access barriers removed in the 1990’s, and since 2004, were the subject 
of additional access improvements, including automatic door openers.  RT 1796:25-1797:4.  
Hecker, the City’s expert, credibly testified that the number, distribution and features of the 
City’s accessible libraries are sufficient to provide meaningful access to its library program.
RT 2763:25-2764:9. 
115. Kirola has failed to carry her burden of proving that the City’s library 
program, when considered in its entirety, fails to provide program access for mobility-
impaired persons.  Neither Kirola nor any class member testified to having encountered any 
architectural barriers at any of the City’s twenty-eight libraries.  Although Kirola 
occasionally encountered misplaced stools at three libraries, no evidence was presented that 
the stools were anything other than a temporary obstruction, or that they impeded her or 
any class members’ ability to utilize any service at those individual libraries or the City’s 
library program in its entirety.  Likewise, none of Kirola’s experts offered any opinions or 
findings specifically regarding the errant library stools or any testimony to support her 
claim that the City’s library program fails to afford program access.
116. In sum, the Court finds no merit to Kirola’s claim that she or any class 
member has been deprived of program access to the City’s library program. 
c) Aquatic Program 
117. The City operates nine public swimming pools as part of its aquatic program.  
RT 2763:21-2765:5.  As of 2009, six of the nine pools were made accessible.  RT 2767:8-
2769:17.  At trial, Hecker credibly testified that the number and distribution of accessible 
pools located throughout San Francisco is sufficient to provide meaningful access to the 
City’s aquatic program.  RT 2768:4-11. 
118. Neither Kirola nor class members presented any compelling evidence to 
establish a denial of program access to the City’s aquatics program.  The three pools Kirola 
complained about were not designated as accessible at the time of trial.  However, program 
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access does not require the City to make every pool accessible.  Rather, the City ensures 
program access to it aquatics program through its other pools.  Notably, Kirola 
acknowledged that she regularly uses Hamilton and MLK Pools—the latter of which is her 
“favorite”—without difficulty.  RT 1392:17-1393:23.    
119. The testimony of class members likewise fails to demonstrate a lack of 
program access.  Kimbrough complained that the ramp at Balboa Pool is too steep for her 
younger disabled daughter to access the pool area and watch her sister take swim lessons.  
RT 848:18-24, 838:12-839:19.  Although Coffman Pool is only one mile further away and 
fully accessible, Kimbrough stated that she does not want to take her family there because 
her eldest daughter’s swimming instructor teaches at Balboa Pool, and she feels that 
Coffman Pool is not located in a safe neighborhood.  RT 849:10-17, 852:19-853:2.   
120. The Court finds that Kimbrough’s testimony fails to demonstrate a denial of 
program access.  Watching a sibling take swim lessons is not a program, activity, or service 
provided by the City.  See Daubert, 760 F.3d at 987 (“experiences that are merely 
incidental to normal government functions are not fairly characterized as government 
programs under 28 C.F.R. § 35.150.”).  But even if Balboa Pool were inaccessible, the fact 
remains that there are a variety of other pools which are fully accessible and available to 
her, including Coffman pool, which is only a mile further away.
25  That Kimbrough may 
personally dislike Coffman Pool, without more, has no bearing on whether the City is in 
compliance with its obligation to render its aquatic program accessible to mobility-impaired 
persons on a program access basis.  See Daubert, 760 F.3d at 988.
121. Monasterio, also a mother of a class member, testified that the closest 
swimming pool to her is Garfield Pool, which lacks “a safe space for her to sit and shower.”
RT 1233:21-24.  Although Monasterio thought Garfield Pool was designated as accessible, 
it is, in fact, designated as having only limited accessibility.  RT 1234:10-12; DTX F16.  In 
25 Plaintiff’s expert Steinfeld opined that Coffman Pool and Martin Luther King Jr. 
Pool (two accessible pools) are too far from Balboa Pool to be considered meaningful 
alternatives.  RT 673:4-23. Kimbrough, however, testified that Coffman Pool is only two 
miles from her home.  RT 852:18-853:2, 848:18-24.   
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any event, Monasterio’s negative experience with one of the City’s nine pools does not 
demonstrate a denial of program access to the City’s aquatic program.
122. Cherry testified that she once attempted to take a swimming class at MLK 
Pool but that she had been forced to discontinue the class as a result of the pool’s lift being 
consistently broken over a one-month period.  RT 1043:15-1045:19.  The inoperability of 
the lift presents a maintenance, as opposed to a barrier, issue.  Nonetheless, the temporary 
inaccessibility to a swim class at a particular pool does not demonstrate a lack of program 
access, since the City is not required to provide identical services at each pool.  See Pierce, 
526 F.3d at 1222 (“We also emphasize that the district court should look at the offerings as 
a whole and in their entirety and thus the court is not required to ensure that each individual 
program or service offered at Theo Lacy and Musick is offered in complete parity with an 
offering at the Central Jail.”).
26
123. In sum, the Court finds no merit to Kirola’s claim that she or any class 
member has been deprived of program access to the City’s aquatic program.
d) RecPark Program 
124. Kirola’s evidence regarding the City’s RecPark program similarly fails to 
show a denial of program access.  Of the City’s 220 parks, Kirola only complained about 
the steep entrance and paths at Alamo Square Park, which she acknowledged is located on a 
steep hill.  RT 1385:3-16, 1394:2-4. Although Kirola testified that she could not access the 
playground there, she did not claim that the park was otherwise inaccessible to her.  RT 
717:10-21.  Nor did she offer any testimony regarding any inability to access the multitude 
of other parks operated by the City.   
26 As an ancillary matter, Kirola complains that, in violation to 35 C.F.R. 
§ 35.163(b) the City fails to provide signage at parks and swimming pools directing 
disabled persons to other accessible areas of a park or other accessible pools.  Dkt. 604, 18, 
21.  Section 35.163(b), provides, in pertinent part, that “[a] public entity shall provide 
signage at all inaccessible entrances to each of its facilities, directing users to an accessible 
entrance or to a location at which they can obtain information about accessible facilities.”
There is no mention of providing signage regarding other accessible facilities.
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125. Cherry, Kimbrough and Monasterio testified regarding accessibility issues at 
a handful of the City’s 220 parks.  Much of the testimony was sparse and non-specific.
For example, Cherry claimed that all of the parks in her area “need help” and “haven’t been 
maintained the way they should,” but she did not elaborate further.  RT 1041:1-5.
Monasterio stated that her daughter could not enter the Tea Garden, but did not explain 
why.  RT 1237:23-1238:1.  Other accessibility complaints pertained to issues inherent in 
the terrain.  Monasterio stated that the paths at Glen Canyon Park are uneven or unpaved.  
RT 1234:16-1237:2.  Yet, she acknowledged that the park is located in a “Eucalyptus 
forest” that is “very wild.”  RT 1234:16-1237:2.  Similarly, Kimbrough complained about 
steep pathways leading to the playground at Holly Park, which is located at the “top of a 
hill.”  RT 837:19-838:5.  The testimony of class members, at best, shows that they 
occasionally encountered barriers at certain parks; however, it does not establish that they 
were denied access to RecPark programs, services and activities in their entirety.  Title II of 
the ADA mandates meaningful access on a program access level, not on a neighborhood or 
facility-specific basis. 
126. In contrast, the City presented compelling evidence to demonstrate its 
compliance with Title II of the ADA.  The athletic fields, play areas and recreation centers 
(along with open space that is provided at virtually every park), represent core features that 
together provide the range of services, programs and activities available at the City’s parks.
Across San Francisco, the City provides twenty accessible athletic fields, and eight 
additional athletic field facilities that were, at the time of trial, in the planning phase and 
either fully funded or in design or construction.  RT 1818:3-18; DTX F34.  Notably, Hecker 
credibly opined, based on his review of the “blue dot” designations determined Scott, as 
well as his training, knowledge and experience, that the number and distribution of these 
twenty accessible athletic fields is sufficient to provide program access to the City’s athletic 
programs.  RT 2769:18-2771:2. 
127. The City provides forty-three accessible Recreation Centers and Clubhouses, 
which have either been renovated since 2000, or received a specific barrier removal since 
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1992.  Additional facilities are “in the pipeline” for renovation.  RT 1816:5-1817:1; DTX 
F40.  Focusing solely on Recreation Centers, which are larger than Cluhouses and include a 
gymnasium, fifteen out of twenty-three facilities are accessible, and five additional 
Recreation Centers have received funding for access renovations, or are already in design 
or construction.  DTX 40.  The number and distribution of accessible Recreation Centers 
and Clubhouses are sufficient to provide program access to the programs housed in these 
facilities.  RT 2771:3-2772:12.  Likewise, the City provides an equitable distribution of 
accessible children’s play areas throughout San Francisco.  RT 1815:9-20; PTX 148A. 
128. Kirola contends that the Community Garden Program is not accessible.  The 
Community Garden is a program intended for people who do not have backyards, and 
serves organized community clubs that operate each community garden.  RT 2281:10-
2283:15.  Only group members are eligible to participate in the “program” offered at the 
community garden sites.  Id.  RecPark makes access improvements each time it performs 
construction work at a community garden.  Id.  In addition, it accommodates each 
individual access request it receives from club members who actually use the garden.  Id.
Neither Kirola, nor any class member who testified at trial, belongs to any community club 
that operates a community garden, nor has Kirola ever attempted to visit a community 
garden as a member of the public.  Kirola’s claims based on the community gardens fail for 
lack of standing, and for lack of proof. 
129. Kirola, through her experts, also asserts that the City fails to provide program 
access in its parks, because some “unique” park facilities are not “fully accessible” and 
“ADAAG-compliant.”  This assertion is uncompelling for a number of reasons.  First, this 
contention erroneously focuses on a “unique facility,” without identifying any unique 
program that is only offered at that facility.  Second, because ADAAG does not apply to 
playgrounds or to outdoor developed recreational areas, Kirola has applied an inapplicable 
standard.  In any event, as Kirola’s experts readily acknowledged, program access is a 
much more subjective standard than ADAAG-compliance, RT 1366:3-13, and only a small 
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portion of a particular park must be accessible in order to provide the requisite program 
access, RT 717:10-21. 
130. Kirola argues that Golden Gate Park is unique and therefore must be fully 
accessible.  Assuming arguendo that Golden Gate Park should be analyzed in isolation, the 
Court finds that the City provides meaningful access thereto.  Golden Gate Park has an 
extensive network of accessible paths, with accessible parking and accessible restrooms 
disbursed throughout the park, providing ample opportunity for class members with 
mobility disabilities to enjoy Golden Gate Park’s varied landscapes.  RT 1819:2-1821:20, 
1824:14-1825:6; DTX F37.  The popular destinations in Golden Gate Park—namely, the 
Conservatory of Flowers, the Arboretum and the Japanese Tea Garden, are also accessible.
131. Even if the Court accepted Kirola’s premise that the path of travel through the 
formal gardens in front of the Conservatory of Flowers interferes with program access, her 
analysis ignores additional accessible parking on JFK Drive, which offers a shorter route to 
the Conservatory entrance. RT 2112:24-2114:6; DTX F37.  The Arboretum offers an 
extensive network of accessible trails (evaluated according to the proposed federal 
standards for outdoor areas), and two sets of accessible restrooms.  RT 2114:7-2116:23; 
DTX F37.5.  The Japanese Tea Garden has accessible paths, to the extent practical, without 
necessitating fundamental alterations to the facility.  RT 1360:20-1362:1.  In any event, 
additional improvements for the Japanese Tea Garden were scheduled to be completed 
shortly after trial, and will further enhance access to the Tea House.  RT 2325:4-20.
132. Similarly, Kirola has made an insufficient showing of inaccessibility as to 
Dolores Park.  At the time of trial, RecPark was commencing a complete $16 million 
renovation of Dolores Park that will render the park completely accessible.  RT 2278:3-
2279:12.  RecPark is also planning renovations at Glen Canyon Park and estimates the cost 
at $20-$40 million.  The 2008 Bond provides $5.8 million for Glen Canyon Park, and 
RecPark will prioritize work there based on community input.  RT 2279:13-2280:14. 
133. Next, Kirola argues that all elements of the “blue dot” facilities are not 
entirely compliant with facility access regulations.  As discussed earlier, MOD uses color-
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coded spreadsheets and maps to track the status of each of the approximately 700 facilities 
surveyed by Hopper and illustrate the distribution of accessible facilities across the City.
Blue dots are placed on those maps to indicate where a capital improvement project has 
taken place since 2000.  See Findings of Fact ¶ 77.   
134. Not every aspect of a facility where a program is offered must necessarily be 
fully accessible.  See Daubert, 760 F.3d at 987.  Nor does Title II of the ADA require 
complete parity of services at each of the facilities through which the City offers its 
programs.  See Pierce, 526 F.3d at 1222; see also RT 717:10-21 (testimony by Plaintiff’s 
expert that only a “small part of a park” must be accessible to provide program access).  
That aside, Kirola overlooks the fact that the City’s “blue dot” designation is not intended 
to signify that every element of the facility was 100 percent compliant with all applicable 
facilities access regulations; rather, it signifies that the facility was fulfilling the City’s 
program access intent under UPhAS.  RT 1464:14-23.  In other words, a blue dot indicates 
only that the facility offers some accessible program, not that every physical element of the 
facility is compliant with disability access regulations.  In addition, Kirola’s arguments 
regarding the “blue dot” facilities are unpersuasive given that her experts admittedly did not 
inspect each of the City’s “blue dot” libraries, pools, and parks; as to those “blue dot” 
facilities which they did visit, their site assessments were shown by the City to be 
unreliable.
135. In sum, the Court finds no merit to Kirola’s claim that she or any class 
member has been deprived of program access to the City’s RecPark program. 
2. New Construction and Alterations 
136. Pursuant to 35 C.F.R. § 35.151, the City has elected to use ADAAG as its 
standard for newly constructed or altered facilities.  RT 1919:20-24.  According to Kirola, 
the City’s policies and practice are insufficient to ensure “strict compliance” with ADAAG 
as to City facilities newly constructed or altered after January 26, 1992.  Dkt. 604, 22:11-
24:5.  In particular, Kirola contends that her experts’ inspections of the City’s libraries and 
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parks revealed disability access barriers in violation of ADAAG or the California Building 
Code.  Id.
137. The Court has found the opinions of Kirola’s experts, including those relating 
to the City’s compliance with ADAAG and the California Building Code, to be unreliable.  
E.g., Findings of Fact ¶ 205-228.  Among other things, Kirola’s experts relied on 
unqualified individuals to conduct their inspections, and applied faulty and inconsistent 
methodologies and inapplicable access requirements.  They also failed to properly take into 
account dimensional tolerances and their impact on the variation.  Cherry v. City Coll. of 
San Francisco, C 04-04981 WHA, 2006 WL 6602454, *6 (N.D. Cal. Jan.12, 2006) (“[T]he 
burden is on plaintiffs to prove that the variance exceeds the allowed tolerance. It is not 
enough to simply show that a particular bathroom stall, for example, is less than the 
required width. The approximate extent of any shortfall must be proven. And, the 
dimensional tolerance at the time of construction must be proven.”). 
138. In any event, the few isolated departures from ADAAG’s dimensional 
requirements in newly constructed or renovated facilities identified by Kirola’s experts do 
not establish any systemic deficiency in the City’s policies or practices for the design and 
construction of publicly funded construction projects.  RT 2040:1-2046:12 (noting that only 
1.6% of the items identified by Kirola’s experts’ “needed to be changed”).  No facility or 
building is perfect.  RT 2044:9-2046:12; 2733:14-2734:6.  A typical building has thousands 
of access measurements; a single set of restrooms has hundreds of access measurements.
RT 1357:2-9.  Indeed, Plaintiff’s expert Gary Waters confirmed that an architect’s 
professional standard of care is to deliver a building that “generally conforms” to access 
requirements, and that is the standard he used as court appointed expert monitoring 
settlement compliance in another ADA action previously pending in this District.  RT 
1353:19-1357:1.   
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139. In sum, the Court finds that the few variations from ADAAG or the 
California Building Code with respect to new construction or alterations are insufficient to 
show that Plaintiff or class members were denied meaningful access to the City’s programs, 
services or activities or that they are entitled to relief on a class-wide basis. 
3. Grievance Procedure 
140. Title 28, Code of Federal Regulations, section 35.107(b), provides that:  “A 
public entity that employs 50 or more persons shall adopt and publish grievance procedures 
providing for prompt and equitable resolution of complaints alleging any action that would 
be prohibited by this part.”  28 C.F.R. § 35.107(b).  Kirola argues that the City’s complaint 
process is deficient because it fails to provide for “prompt and equitable” resolution, as 
specified in § 35.107(b). Dkt. 604, 15:22-16:8.   
141. The City argues that there is no private right of action to enforce 28 C.F.R. 
§ 35.107(b).  Dkt. 666, 17:27-18:6.  Although there is no controlling authority on this 
specific issue, the Ninth Circuit’s reasoning in Lonberg supports that conclusion.
27
Lonberg held that there is no private right of action to enforce federal regulations requiring 
public entities to develop transition plans under 28 C.F.R. § 35.150(d).  571 F.3d at 852.  In 
reaching its decision, the court reasoned that “a public entity may be fully compliant with 
[Title II of the ADA] without ever having drafted a transition plan, in which case, a lawsuit 
forcing the public entity to draft such a plan would afford the plaintiff no meaningful 
remedy.”  Id. at 851; see also Ability Ctr. of Toledo v. City of Sandusky, 385 F.3d 901, 914 
(6th Cir. 2004) (same); Cherry v. City Coll. of San Francisco, No. C 04-4981 WHA, 2005 
WL 2620560, *4 (N.D. Cal., Oct. 14, 2005) (“there is no indication that a public entity’s 
failure to develop a transition plan harms disabled individuals, let alone in a way that Title 
II aims to prevent or redress.  Indeed, it is conceivable that a public entity could fully 
27 While both Armstrong, 275 F.3d at 859, 862, and Pierce, 761 F. Supp. 2d at 953-
54, 957, discussed the ADA’s grievance procedure requirement, neither court specifically 
addressed the question of whether there is a private right of action to enforce 28 C.F.R. 
§ 35.107.
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satisfy its obligations to accommodate the disabled while at the same time fail to put forth a 
suitable transition plan.”).
142. The rationale underlying Lonberg applies equally to the question of whether 
the grievance procedure regulation is subject to private enforcement.  Like ADA transition 
plans, the existence or non-existence of a grievance policy does not, in itself, deny a 
disabled person access to a city’s services.  A public entity may be fully compliant with 
Title II without having drafted a grievance policy, let alone a grievance policy that 
mandates specific deadlines for reaching a resolution on all complaints.  See Lonberg, 571 
F.3d at 851; see also Duffy v. Freed, No. 09-2978 (JBS/JS), 2010 WL 3740659, *4 (D.N.J. 
Sept. 17, 2010), aff’d, 452 F. App’x 200 (3rd Cir. 2011) (“Although Plaintiff asserts that 
public entities have a legal obligation under the ADA to launch an investigation into any 
complaint of a violation of Title II, Plaintiff cites no language of the ADA and the Court 
finds no support for this proposition in the statute.  The public entity’s obligation is to not 
discriminate.  Such entities make additional efforts to resolve any potential discrimination 
by implementing proactive internal procedures according to the DOJ regulations, but the 
adequacy of these procedures is not itself an ADA concern.”).   
143. Other circuit and district courts have uniformly concluded that no private 
right of action exists to enforce 35 C.F.R. § 35.107(b).  See Duffy, 452 F. App’x 200, 202 
(“[T]here is no private right of action to enforce regulations regarding public entities’ ADA 
grievance procedures[.]”); Giustiniani v. Fla. Dep’t of Fin. Servs., No. 3:11-cv-792-J-37 
MCR, 2012 WL 2127733, *2 (M.D. Fla. June 12, 2012) (holding that 28 C.F.R. § 
35.107(b) does not create a private right of action); DeLeon v. City of Alvin Police Dep’t, 
No. H-09-10222010 WL 4942648, *4 n.10 (S.D. Tex. Nov. 30, 2010) (quoting Duffy v. 
Freed, No. 09-2978 (JBS/JS), 2010 WL 3740659 (D.N.J. Sept. 17, 2010)) (“‘The failure of 
a Title II public entity to adequately implement or abide by internal complaint procedures 
does not itself state an ADA claim, because the statute does not require these 
procedures.’”); see also Brennan v. Reg’l Sch. Dist. No. 1 Bd. of Educ., 531 F. Supp. 2d 
245, 278 (D. Conn. 2007) (regulation implementing section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 
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which required establishment of grievance procedures, was not privately enforceable); 
Abrahams v. MTA Long Island Bus, 644 F.3d 110, 119-20 (2d Cir. 2011) (regulation 
requiring creation of mechanism for ongoing public participation in development and 
assessment of services for disabled individuals not privately enforceable). 
144. Attempting to sidestep the issue of whether there is a private right of action to 
enforce 28 C.F.R. § 35.107(b), Kirola argues that she does “not challenge the City’s 
grievance procedure standing on its own” but rather “challenge[s] the sufficiency of the 
grievance procedure as a means of providing program access.” Dkt. 618, 12:2-3; see also 
Dkt. 672, 24:28-25:1 (arguing that the City’s “access upon request” policy of addressing 
access barriers is not a lawful method for providing program access).  The evidence does 
not support Kirola’s position.  While the record establishes that the grievance procedure is 
an important aspect of the City’s efforts to ensure accessibility for disabled persons, it also 
firmly establishes that the grievance procedure merely supplements the City’s proactive 
efforts to provide accessibility.  See, e.g., RT 64:1-17, 1617:2-1618:3, 2863:14-2867:25.  In 
other words, the City endeavors to provide program access through both proactive and 
reactive measures—i.e., undertaking significant accessibility planning across numerous 
City departments and proactively seeking input from the disabled community in the course 
of such planning, while also responding to requests and complaints from the public.  The 
City’s efforts therefore do not constitute an “access upon request” approach to accessibility.
C.f. Putnam v. Oakland Unified Sch. Dist., 1995 WL 873734, *10 (N.D. Cal. 1995) (“The 
approach of taking no action to render programs accessible until a student or parent 
identifies an accessibility problem does not make a program ‘readily’ accessible.”); Huezo, 
672 F. Supp. 2d at 1063 (“The District concedes that to receive an accommodation of any 
kind—including basic services such as accessible furniture and transportation to otherwise 
inaccessible parts of campus—each disabled student must fill out certain forms prior to the 
beginning of each semester.”).
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145. Even if the Court were to find a private right of action exists to challenge the 
City’s grievance procedure’s compliance with 28 C.F.R. § 35.107(b), the evidence does not 
support the conclusion that any violation of this regulation has transpired.    
146. MOD oversees the City’s grievance procedure for handling public complaints 
regarding disabled access to its facilities, programs and services.  A complaint form is 
posted on MOD’s website.  RT 1579:23-1580:12-1581:22; DTX A35 [000105-109].  Upon 
receipt of a complaint, MOD sends the complaint to the ADA Coordinator for the 
appropriate department, which, in turn, investigates the matter.  Upon review and approval 
by MOD, the ADA Coordinator and department head respond to the complaint within thirty 
days.  DTX A35 [000105]; RT 1866:19-25.  Because each complaint is unique, resolution 
of the grievance may, in some instances, require more than thirty days to finally resolve.
RT 2001:2-7; 2385:14-2386:22; DTX A15. 
147. Fraguli is in charge of the grievance procedure.  Only 20 percent of the 
grievances she received related to physical access—the majority of which were curb ramp 
requests.  RT 1868:9-1869:5.  Fraguli has never received a complaint from Kirola, O’Neil, 
Kimbrough, Grant, DeChadenedes or Monasterio.  RT 1870:14-1871:9.  Nevertheless, the 
City learned, through other channels, that Kirola submitted a single curb ramp request, and 
that Monasterio and O’Neil submitted multiple requests.  RT 1383:21-1392:16, 568:6-
583:22, 1226:23-24, 1128:23-1230:6, 1246:2-1249:16.  The trial record shows that upon 
becoming aware of these requests, the City installed almost all of the requested ramps 
within one to two years, while the remaining curb ramps were slated for installation within 
a year of trial.  RT 1228:18-1229:6,1384:6-10, 1391:18-1392:16, 2001:8-2002:5, 2419:13-
2420:4, 2422:22-2424:5.  Moreover, upon reviewing the evidence presented and relevant 
legal authorities, the Court concurs with Hecker’s opinion that the City’s grievance 
procedure is consistent with the requirements and provisions of the ADA regulations.  RT 
2727:5-19
148. For the reasons stated above, the Court finds that Kirola’s challenge to the 
City’s grievance procedure is legally without merit. 
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4. Maintenance Policies 
149. Kirola alleges that the City’s policies and practices for the maintenance of 
accessible features are inadequate because they “do not set specific and prompt deadlines 
for the identification and repair of items that are broken, non-operational, or in need of 
repair.”  Dkt. 662, 14:9-11.  A public entity’s maintenance obligation is set forth in 28 
C.F.R. § 35.133, which provides that public entities “shall maintain in operable working 
condition those features of facilities and equipment that are required to be readily 
accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities[.]”  28 C.F.R. § 35.133(a).
150. Under Title II, a public entity’s maintenance obligation applies only “to the 
maximum extent feasible,” and service interruptions are inappropriate only if they “persist 
beyond a reasonable period of time.”  28 C.F.R. Part 35 App. A; e.g., Cupolo v. Bay Area 
Rapid Transit, 5 F. Supp. 2d 1078, 1083-84 (N.D. Cal. 1997) (finding that a plaintiff can 
succeed on a challenge regarding a public entity’s maintenance obligations only if she 
establishes that the maintenance issues are “recurrent” and constitute a “pattern,” as 
opposed to being “isolated or temporary”); Cherry, 2006 WL 6602454, *7, *10 (noting that 
while obstructions “due to chairs, trash cans, potted plants, filing cabinets and other 
furniture intruding upon the required clearance” may constitute accessibility violations 
“unless the obstruction is temporary or isolated,” the plaintiffs failed to meet their burden 
of demonstrating that the blockages were “persistent”); Martin v. Metro. Atlanta Rapid 
Transit Auth., 225 F. Supp. 2d 1362, 1380 (N.D. Ga. 2002) (“Although Plaintiffs have 
documented a number of cases where they encountered inoperable elevators in MARTA 
stations, their evidence is insufficient to demonstrate a systemic problem that would rise to 
the level of an ADA violation.  It is simply a fact of life that elevators will break down on 
occasion.”).
151. Both libraries and RecPark facilities are subject to rigorous inspection and 
maintenance policies.  At the City’s libraries, staff utilize a Daily Facility checklist in 
connection with their facilities inspections each morning.  To ensure access, staff move 
furniture or other objects that may impede the path of travel, and report any access 
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problems that cannot be safely or readily corrected.  RT 2235:22-2237:13, 2252:10-
2253:21; DTX A45.  Kirola does not challenge the efficacy of the checklist per se, but 
complains that other patrons occasionally leave a step stool in the aisles of the library, 
obstructing her path.  RT 1385:22-1386:11.  She contends that the current Library policy, 
which requires staff to conduct a single daily inspection of library facilities, should be 
replaced by one requiring full inspections throughout the day.  Dkt. 672, 24:20-23.  But 
even multiple daily inspections would not guarantee that a mobility-impaired library patron 
would never encounter misplaced step stools left by other library patrons.  Ultimately, 
however, Kirola has not persuasively demonstrated that misplaced step stools are 
architectural barriers or that they denied her program access to the City’s library program in 
its entirety.
152. Kirola has likewise failed to show that RecPark’s maintenance policies are 
inadequate under the ADA.  RecPark has implemented written policies that prioritize 
maintenance requests relating to disabled access to parks and facilities, and strives to 
resolve these requests within forty-eight hours whenever possible.  RT 2306:3-2309:14; 
DTX A10.  RecPark also uses an Employee Daily Facility Preparation Quick-Sheet that 
requires daily inspections of its buildings and facilities for safety hazards or other issues 
that might impact disabled access before they are opened to the public, RT 2315:15-
2317:18; DTX Z60, and a Semi-Annual Facility Accessibility Survey, which includes a 
detailed inspection checklist and correction of items that may affect physical access to the 
facility, RT 2318:2-2319:18; DTX Z61.  Further, RecPark staff conduct regular inspections 
of outdoor facilities which focus on the path of travel, including pathways’ surface quality, 
gates and latches, and barriers such as low hanging tree limbs.  RT 2320:2-2321:6. 
153. Lastly, the Court rejects Kirola’s claim that the City’s policies governing 
sidewalk repair are not in compliance with the ADA.  As discussed more extensively 
above, the City’s sidewalk maintenance policies, which are embodied in the SIRP and 
ASAP, adequately address sidewalk access issues.  See Findings of Fact ¶¶ 62-65.  
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Similarly, for reasons already discussed, the Court discounts the opinions from Kirola’s 
experts regarding sidewalk maintenance issues.  See id. 
154. In sum, the Court finds that Kirola has failed to demonstrate that the City has 
violated its maintenance obligations, as set forth in 28 C.F.R. § 35.133(a).   
5. Safety Hazards 
155. Kirola alleges that the City is in violation of the ADA due to the lack of a 
general policy for addressing safety hazards.  She alleges that “it is well-settled that public 
entities have a duty to remove disability access barriers that constitute safety hazards to 
persons with mobility disabilities” and that “the City has no written policies or practices in 
place to either identify safety hazards, or ensure their prompt removal from the City’s 
pedestrian right of way and the other facilities at issue herein.”  Dkt. 604; 20:19-21:7.
There is no authority holding that a public entity must adopt a written policy or procedure 
relating specifically to safety hazards.  But even if there were, Kirola has failed to present 
any evidence establishing that the lack of such a policy resulted in the denial of program 
access to any particular program, service or activity. 
156. Kirola argues that if the City had adopted and implemented “effective 
policies for the identification and prompt removal of safety hazards, it is likely that [she] 
would not have encountered steep paths of travel and entrances, sidewalks with excessive 
cross slopes and broken pavement, and uncovered tree wells[.]”  Dkt. 673, 17:1-4.  This 
contention is entirely speculative and unsupported by the record established at trial.
Further, irrespective of whether the City has a written policy specific to the removal of 
safety hazards, the trial record shows that the City’s existing policies and procedures 
adequately address these types of concerns.  Both the library and RecPark programs use 
daily inspection protocols that address issues deemed to constitute safety hazards, such as 
wet spots or broken equipment.  DTX A45; DTX Z60; DTX Z61.  RecPark further 
prioritizes the resolution of potential safety hazards by categorizing each complaint 
received into one of three categories: emergencies (which are to be addressed 
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immediately); health, safety, and accessibility issues (which are to be addressed within 48 
hours); and routine issues.  RT 2306:3-2308:21.  
157. The trial record also establishes that DPW prioritizes resolution of potential 
safety hazards in the City’s public right-of-way via its curb ramp grading system, which 
grades curb ramps with excessive running slopes—along with curb ramps with both 
excessive running slopes and excessive gutter slopes—lower than other curb ramps, thereby 
prioritizing them for replacement.  RT 2453:18-2454:12.  The City worked with members 
of the City’s disabled community in creating the curb ramp grading system, ensuring that 
the system assigned the lowest scores to curb ramp conditions which the disabled 
community felt to be the most problematic or dangerous.  RT 1607:17-22.   
158. In sum, the Court finds that Kirola has failed to demonstrate that the City’s 
lack of a specific policy for hazard removal violates Title II of the ADA.
6. RecPark Website 
159. Kirola complains that the RecPark website improperly defines an “accessible 
park” as one that has an “accessible entrance” and “at least one recreational opportunity.”  
Dkt. 662, 13:4-27.  As explained above, the City does not rely on this statement as its 
standard for establishing program access to it programs, services and activities.  The 
information on the website is intended simply to inform the public about sites they may 
wish to visit, and visitors are expressly invited to inquire further for more detailed 
information.  RT 1502:13-16; PTX 3875 [075767].  There is no evidence that the City’s 
definition of “accessible” for the purpose of its RecPark website is in any way connected to 
City policy regarding its program access obligations.   
160. In sum, the Court finds that Kirola has failed to demonstrate that the City’s 
RecPark website demonstrates the City’s failure to provide program access to its park 
system. 
7. Self-Evaluation and Transition Plans 
161. Kirola alleges that the City has failed to formulate and implement “an 
adequate self-evaluation plan” or transition plan, and seeks to compel the City to do so 
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under the ADA, California Government Code section 11135, and their respective 
regulations.  Dkt. 294, 14:6-7, 19:21-24.28   The record shows that the City has, in fact, 
drafted the transition plans for both its public right-of-way and facilities.  While it is 
unclear whether the City has drafted a self-evaluation plan, the authorities are clear that 
Plaintiff has no legal basis to sue based on the lack of such a plan.
a) ADA
162. ADA regulations direct public entities to adopt transition and self-evaluation 
plans.  See 28 C.F.R. § 35.150(d)(1) (“a public entity . . . shall develop, within six months 
of January 26, 1992, a transition plan setting forth the steps necessary to complete 
[structural changes to facilities to achieve program access]”); 35.105(a) (“A public entity 
shall . . . evaluate its current services, policies, and practices, and the effects thereof ”).
Neither regulation expressly creates a private right of action to enforce its provisions. 
163. “In determining whether a particular regulation is enforceable through a 
statute’s private right of action, [courts] must look to the statute itself and determine 
whether it displays Congress’s intent to create the private right purportedly contained in the 
regulation.”  Lonberg, 571 F.3d at 850.  “Only those regulations effectuating the statute’s 
clear prohibitions or requirements are enforceable through the statute’s private right of 
action; regulations that do not encapsulate the statutory right and corresponding remedy are 
not privately enforceable.”  Id. at 851. 
164. Section 202 of the ADA, 42 U.S.C. § 12132, prohibits public entities from 
denying qualified disabled individuals from “meaningful access” to their services and 
programs.  Lonberg, 571 F.3d at 851.  In view of this prohibition, the Ninth Circuit held in 
Lonberg that the failure to prepare a transition plan is not subject to private enforcement.
Id.  The court explained that the statute “says nothing about a public entity’s obligation to 
draft a detailed plan and schedule for achieving such meaningful access.”  Id.  More 
fundamentally, “[t]he existence or non-existence of a transition plan does not, by itself, 
28 Curiously, the proposed permanent injunction submitted by Kirola post-trial seeks 
no such remedy.  Dkt. 635. 
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deny a disabled person access to a public entity’s services, nor does it remedy the denial of 
access.”  Id.  Citing Lonberg, this Court has likewise ruled that there is no private of action 
to enforce ADA regulations requiring the creation and implementation of a self-evaluation 
plan.  Skaff v. City of Corte Madera, No. C 08-5407 SBA, 2009 WL 2058242, *3 (N.D. 
Cal. Jul. 13, 2009).  Given these authorities, the Court finds that Kirola cannot seek to 
compel the City to prepare and implement a transition or self-evaluation plan under ADA 
regulations.
b) California Law 
165. For much the same reasons, the Court rejects Kirola’s companion claim 
predicated upon California Government Code section 11135 and two of its implementing 
regulations, Cal. Code Regs., title 22, sections 98251 (Self-Evaluation) and 98258 
(Transition Plan).  The state regulations governing the creation and implementation of 
transition and self-evaluation plans are patterned after the aforementioned federal 
regulations and are worded largely the same, except that the state regulations are stated in 
permissive (i.e., “should”), as opposed to mandatory (i.e., “shall”) terms.  As such, it would 
be anomalous to conclude, as Kirola suggests, that California regulations impose a 
mandatory duty upon public entities to develop transition and self-evaluation plans when no 
such obligation exists in the federal regulations upon which they are patterned.  See 
Darensburg v. Metropolitan Transp. Com’n, 636 F.3d 511, 519 (9th Cir. 2011) (applying 
federal law to claim brought under California Government Code section 11135); Kamen v. 
Lindly, 94 Cal. App. 4th 197, 203 (2001) (“Where, as here, California law is modeled on 
federal laws, federal decisions interpreting substantially identical statutes are unusually 
strong persuasive precedent on construction of our own laws.”). 
166. The Court is aware that it previously intimated that Kirola could pursue 
claims predicated on California’s self-evaluation and transition plan regulations.  See 
Kirola v. City and Cnty. of San Francisco, No. C 07-3685 SBA, 2010 WL 1459725, *1 
(N.D. Cal. Apr. 12, 2010).  In opposing Plaintiff’s motion for leave to file an amended 
complaint, the City argued, inter alia, that permitting the proposed amendment was futile 
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because the regulations did not impose any mandatory duty to develop or implement either 
a transition or self-evaluation plan.  Dkt. 205, 12:21-15:2.  The Court rejected the City’s 
argument, concluding that it could not be logically reconciled with California Government 
Code § 11139, which expressly provides a private right of action to enforce rights conferred 
under Section 11135 and its implementing regulations.  Kirola, 2010 WL 1459725, *1.
After further consideration of this matter, however, the Court reconsiders that conclusion.
See United States v. Smith, 389 F.3d 944, 949 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that a district court 
may sua sponte reconsider a prior, interlocutory ruling over which it has continuing 
jurisdiction).
167. When Section 11135 was originally enacted in 1977, it did not include an 
express private right of action.  Donovan v. Poway Unified Sch. Dist., 167 Cal. App. 4th 
567, 594 (2008).  In Arriaga v. Loma Linda University, 10 Cal. App. 4th 1556 (1992), the 
California Court of Appeal subsequently declined to find an implied right of action.  “In 
response to Arriaga, the Legislature, in Assembly Bill No. 1670 amended Government 
Code section 11139 to expressly provide for a private right of action, but expressly limited 
enforcement to a ‘civil action for equitable relief.’”  Donavan, 167 Cal. App. 4th at 594.
Section 11139 provides, in relevant part, as follows:  “This article and regulations adopted 
pursuant to this article may be enforced by a civil action for equitable relief, which shall be 
independent of any other rights and remedies.”  Cal. Gov. Code § 11139. 
168. Although Section 11139 created a private right of action to enforce rights 
conferred under Section 11135 and its regulations, it does not automatically follow that all 
regulations promulgated under Section 11135 necessarily create a mandatory duty, and 
hence, a private right of action based on the failure to prepare and implement either a 
transition plan or self-evaluation plan.  Section 11135 is a general anti-discrimination 
statute, pursuant to which a broad range of regulations have been adopted to implement its 
provisions.  Cal. Code Regs. tit. 22, §§ 98000-98413.  Regulatory language is to be 
construed in “its plain, commonsense meaning,” giving meaning, where possible, “to every 
word and phrase in the regulation . . . as a whole so that all of the parts are given effect.”
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Butts v. Bd. of Trs. of the Cal. State Univ., 225 Cal. App. 4th 825, 835, (2014).
Regulations are to be harmonized together, see Hoitt v. Dept. of Rehabilitation, 207 Cal. 
App. 4th 513, 524 (2012), and construed in the context with the statutes which they 
implement, see Wollmer v. City of Berkeley, 193 Cal. App. 4th 1329, 1349 (2011).
169. The regulations implementing Section 11135 expressly differentiate between 
those regulations that are mandatory and those that are advisory.  Cal. Code Regs. tit. 22, 
§ 98010.  Specifically, the regulations provide that: “‘Should’ means advisory” while 
“‘Shall’ means mandatory.”  Id. (emphasis added); Comunidad En Accion v. Los Angeles 
City Council, 219 Cal. App. 4th 1116, 1125 (2013) (holding that the definitions section 
forth in the California Code of Regulations, title 22, section 98010, apply to California 
Government Code section 11135).  Here, the transition and self-evaluation plan regulations 
at issue use the term “should,” as opposed to “shall.”  Id. §§ 98251(b), 98258.  In view of 
the fact that the promulgating agency expressly differentiated between “should” and “shall” 
and ascribed different significance to each term, it would be incongruous to construe 
Section 11139 as creating a mandatory duty or conferring a private right of action to 
enforce the transition and self-evaluation plan regulations, which are merely advisory in 
nature.  See Wollmer, 193 Cal. App. 4th at 1349.  Thus, the Court finds that although 
Section 11139 created a private right of action to enforce rights conferred under Section 
11135 and its regulations, it does not transmute the advisory nature of the self-evaluation 
and transition plan into a mandatory duty. 
170. Even if the regulations at issue imposed a mandatory duty, Kirola has failed 
to show that Section 11135 is applicable here.  Section 11135 applies only to a program or 
activity operated by the state or “[is] funded directly by the state, or receives any financial 
assistance from the state.”  Cal. Gov. Code § 11135(a).  No such showing has been made.  
That notwithstanding, any obligation created by the state’s transition and self-evaluation 
plan regulations runs to the applicable state agency, as opposed to the City.  Both of the 
applicable regulations include the language “should be required by the responsible State 
agency,” suggesting that any alleged duty under each regulation falls on state agencies 
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rather than on the recipient of state funds.  See 22 Cal. Code Reg’s §§ 98251(a)(1), 98258 
(emphasis added).  Finally, Kirola has failed to demonstrate that she or class members were 
denied meaningful access to the City’s programs, services and activities, but for its failure 
to adopt and implement “a transition plan for the removal of access barriers as required by 
California Government Code § 11135.”  Dkt. 672, 25:26-28.   
171. For the reasons discussed above, the Court finds that Kirola’s claim based on 
the City’s alleged failure to develop, adopt and implement a transition plan or self-
evaluation plan fails both procedurally and substantively. 
V. CONCLUSION
The Court is sensitive to the plight of mobility-impaired and other disabled 
individuals.  The testimony of Kirola, class members, and mothers of class members 
effectively established the daily challenges confronting disabled individuals.  Both federal 
and state law afford disabled individuals, including Kirola and members of the class, the 
right to meaningfully access the programs, activities and services provided by a public 
entity.  At the same time, Article III of the United States Constitution requires that Kirola 
prove that she has standing to pursue claims on behalf of the class—which she has failed to 
do.  Nevertheless, even if Kirola had satisfied that threshold burden, the record does not 
support her contention that the City has failed to comply with its obligations under Title II 
of the ADA and related federal and state statutes.  To the contrary, the trial record 
establishes that the City is complying with its obligation to provide meaningful access, 
including program access, to its public right-of-way, libraries, swimming pools, and parks 
and recreational facilities.  Accordingly, 
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT in accordance with this Order, final judgment 
shall be entered in favor of the City.  The Clerk shall close the file and terminate any 
pending matters. 
IT IS SO ORDERED. 
Dated:  November 26, 2014   ______________________________
SAUNDRA BROWN ARMSTRONG 
United States District Judge 
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